Childhood Obesity in Iraq: A Systematic Review and Strategic Analysis

Abstract

Background
Childhood obesity poses a significant and escalating public health challenge globally, with profound implications for both physical and psychological well-being. In Iraq, the prevalence of childhood obesity has shown a worrying upward trend, influenced by global patterns and compounded by the country's unique socio-cultural and environmental contexts. This review seeks to consolidate current knowledge on the prevalence, contributing factors, and health outcomes of childhood obesity in Iraq while identifying research gaps and potential intervention strategies.

Methodology
A systematic review was conducted, encompassing both published and gray literature from 2000 to 2024, accessed through databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and regional academic repositories. The review focused on studies involving Iraqi children aged 5–18 years and evaluated epidemiological trends, risk factors (including dietary habits, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, and socioeconomic determinants), and health outcomes associated with obesity, particularly non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were employed to ensure methodological rigor in data collection and analysis.

Results
The prevalence of childhood obesity in Iraq has risen markedly over the last two decades, with rates varying between 10% and 22% depending on the region and population studied. Contributing factors include rapid urbanization, increased consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods, sedentary lifestyles, and insufficient awareness of healthy behaviors. Obesity-related health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychological disorders, are increasingly observed among Iraqi children. Additionally, socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the problem, with higher prevalence rates recorded among urban and affluent groups. Despite these alarming trends, limited data exist on long-term health outcomes and the efficacy of existing interventions.

Conclusions
Childhood obesity in Iraq is a critical public health issue demanding immediate and comprehensive action. Effective interventions should prioritize school- and community-based initiatives to promote balanced nutrition, physical activity, and awareness of healthy living. Policy measures should address systemic issues, such as the marketing of unhealthy foods and urban infrastructure, to facilitate sustainable lifestyle changes. Future research must focus on generating robust longitudinal data and assessing the effectiveness of targeted intervention programs to combat the rising burden of childhood obesity in Iraq.