Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Examining Ghana's Health Professions Regulatory Bodies Act, 2013 (Act 857) To Determine Its Adequacy in Governing the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery and Medical Negligence Issues

2024-01-10T06:15:35+00:00

This analysis examines Ghana’s Health Professions Regulatory Bodies Act, 2013 (Act 857) to assess its fitness to govern the ascent of artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping healthcare delivery. As advanced algorithms supplement or replace human judgments, dated laws centered on individual practitioner liability struggle to contemplate emerging negligence complexities. Act 857 lacks bespoke provisions for governing this new era beyond outdated assumptions of human-centric care models. With AI projected to transform medicine, proactive reforms appear vital to enable innovation gains while upholding accountability.

Through an IRAC legal analysis lens supplemented by case law spanning from the United States to Ghana, this paper demonstrates how judiciaries globally are elucidating risks from legal uncertainty given increasingly autonomous health technologies. Findings reveal governance gaps impeding equitable access to remedy where algorithmic activities contribute to patient harm. Calls for stringent training, validation and monitoring prerequisites before deploying higher-risk AI systems signal a reframed standard of care is warranted.

Detailed recommendations to modernize Act 857 and adjacent regulation are provided, covering practitioner codes, product safety, ongoing evaluation duties, and crucially, updated liability rules on apportioning fault between disparate enterprises enabling flawed AI. Beyond protecting patients and practitioners, enhanced governance can boost investor confidence in Ghana’s AI healthcare ecosystem. Ultimately astute reforms today can reinforce innovation gains tomorrow across a more ethical, accountable industry.

Covid-19 Diagnosis using Deep Learning Approaches: A Systematic Review

2024-08-02T13:03:39+00:00

The utilisation of deep learning techniques has witnessed a surge in popularity within the realm of medical image analysis, particularly in the context of identifying COVID-19. Following the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive investigations have been conducted to identify the existence of Sars-Cov-2 through the utilisation of several deep learning algorithms. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of deep learning techniques utilised for the detection of COVID-19. "Can deep learning methodologies serve as a viable substitute for radiologists in the diagnostic process of COVID-19?" is the research inquiry. In order to compile research articles for the purpose of conducting a systematic review, two scientific databases were employed as primary sources. Databases such as PubMed and IEEE Xplore have been utilised for this purpose till January 2022. The published studies were examined in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The study established predetermined criteria for exclusion and inclusion, and subsequently identified relevant works based on these criteria. The findings indicated that a total of 543 out of the 634 articles that were initially retrieved were excluded due to their lack of conformity with the predetermined criteria. Conversely, 87 articles met the inclusion criteria and were retained for further analysis. The research articles presented in this compilation are categorised into three distinct groups: the types of visual representations utilised, the methods employed for applying deep learning techniques, and the programming languages that are most frequently utilised. The exclusive reliance on deep learning algorithms is insufficient for substituting the visual diagnostic performed by physicians and radiologists in the detection of COVID-19. Due to the lack of substantiation by the medical establishment. CT and x-ray imaging modalities are commonly utilised in various fields. However, alternative imaging techniques, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Ultrasonic imaging, are either overlooked or not given due consideration. The predominant focus of study is on retrospective (theoretical) rather than prospective (pragmatic) investigations. Consequently, there exists a significant need for researchers to enhance the practicality of their investigations.

Evaluating ChatGPT performance in Arabic dialects: A comparative study showing defects in responding to Jordanian and Tunisian general health prompts

2024-01-03T22:19:51+00:00

Background: The role of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized to enhance digital health literacy. There is of particular importance with widespread availability and popularity of AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and its possible impact on health literacy. The involves the need to understand AI models’ performance across different languages, dialects, and cultural contexts. This study aimed to evaluate ChatGPT performance in response to prompting in two different Arabic dialects, namely Tunisian and Jordanian.

Methods: This descriptive study followed the METRICS checklist for the design and reporting of AI based studies in healthcare. Ten general health queries were translated into Tunisian and Jordanian dialects of Arabic by bilingual native speakers. The performance of two AI models, ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 in response to Tunisian, Jordanian, and English were evaluated using the CLEAR tool tailored for assessment of health information generated by AI models.

Results: ChatGPT-3.5 performance was categorized as average in Tunisian Arabic, with an overall CLEAR score of 2.83, compared to above average score of 3.40 in Jordanian Arabic. ChatGPT-4 showed a similar pattern with marginally better outcomes with a CLEAR score of 3.20 in Tunisian rated as average and above average performance in Jordanian with a CLEAR score of 3.53. The CLEAR components consistently showed superior performance in the Jordanian dialect for both models despite the lack of statistical significance. Using English content as a reference, the responses to both Tunisian and Jordanian dialects were significantly inferior (P<.001).

Conclusion: The findings highlight a critical dialectical performance gap in ChatGPT, underlining the need to enhance linguistic and cultural diversity in AI models’ development, particularly for health-related content. Collaborative efforts among AI developers, linguists, and healthcare professionals are needed to improve the performance of AI models across different languages, dialects, and cultural contexts. Future studies are recommended to broaden the scope across an extensive range of languages and dialects, which would help in achieving equitable access to health information across various communities.

Benchmarking Generative AI: A Call for Establishing a Comprehensive Framework and a Generative AIQ Test

2024-07-04T09:41:38+00:00

The introduction and rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (genAI) models necessitates a refined understanding for the concept of “intelligence”. The genAI tools are known for its capability to produce complex, creative, and contextually relevant output. Nevertheless, the deployment of genAI models in healthcare should be accompanied appropriate and rigorous performance evaluation tools. In this rapid communication, we emphasizes the urgent need to develop a “Generative AIQ Test” as a novel tailored tool for comprehensive benchmarking of genAI models against multiple human-like intelligence attributes. A preliminary framework is proposed in this communication. This framework incorporates miscellaneous performance metrics including accuracy, diversity, novelty, and consistency. These metrics were considered critical in the evaluation of genAI models that might be utilized to generate diagnostic recommendations, treatment plans, and patient interaction suggestions. This communication also highlights the importance of orchestrated collaboration to construct robust and well-annotated benchmarking datasets to capture the complexity of diverse medical scenarios and patient demographics. This communication suggests an approach aiming to ensure that genAI models are effective, equitable, and transparent. To maximize the potential of genAI models in healthcare, it is important to establish rigorous, dynamic standards for its benchmarking. Consequently, this approach can help to improve clinical decision-making with enhancement in patient care, which will enhance the reliability of genAI applications in healthcare.

Measuring the Effectiveness of AI Tools in Clinical Research and Writing: A Case Study in Healthcare

2023-12-20T17:24:45+00:00

This article investigates the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT, a natural language processing (NLP) tool, and large language models (LLMs), developed from advanced artificial intelligence (AI). Designed to help computers understand and produce text understandable by humans, ChatGPT is particularly aimed at general scientific writing and healthcare research applications. Our methodology involved searching the Scopus database for ’type 2 diabetes’ and ’T2 diabetes’ articles from reputable journals. After eliminating duplicates, we used ChatGPT to formulate conclusions for each selected article by inputting their structured abstracts, excluding the original conclusions. Additionally, we tested ChatGPT’s response to simple misuse scenarios. Our findings show that ChatGPT can accurately grasp context and concisely summarize primary research findings. Additionally, it helps individuals who are not as experienced in mathematical analysis by providing coding guidelines for mathematical analyses in a variety of computer languages and by demystifying difficult model results. In conclusion, even if ChatGPT and other AI technologies are revolutionizing scientific publishing and healthcare, their use should be strictly controlled by authoritative laws.

Machine learning based Lung Disease Prediction Using Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm

2024-06-03T14:28:16+00:00

Lung disease prediction is a critical issue in today's world. However, in the past two years, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a broad range and, in a limited percentage of people, a notable effect on the lungs. In the past, the fuzzy logic method has been used to classify lung disease prediction, but it has faced challenges such as difficulties in identifying segmented regions and output inaccuracies. To solve the issue Convolutional neural networks are used in machine learning to predict lung condition. The preprocessing based weighted average filter gives greater weight to the central value, making its contribution more significant than that of other values and can regulate the degree of image blurring. The process of segmenting based on region split and merge techniques involves separating one or more areas or entities in an image according to a size of m by n at one level of a threshold value. This segmented in multiple sub-regions of the same size, indicating a fundamental representational structure, from that Image classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is a type of neural network specifically designed to extract distinct characteristics from segmented data. They are often used in tasks such as lung disease prediction and recognition due to their ability to identify intricate details in clustered data. The approach was evaluated using the MATLAB tool, a novel CNN with multiple image processing technique in our experiment to efficiently classify lung illnesses under typical circumstances, the average accuracy increased up to 97%. The results of this study show significant improvement in the prognosis of lung prediction in medical filed.

Digital Physicians: Unleashing Artificial Intelligence in Transforming Healthcare and Exploring the Future of Modern Approaches

2024-02-04T13:48:43+00:00

Growing global awareness that attention to health care is the basis for maintaining citizens' quality of life. Health institutions seek to increase interest in electronic care services and enhance patient results by integrating artificial intelligence techniques. Artificial intelligence tools are indispensable to diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Integrating artificial intelligence techniques into the development of the electronic healthcare environment works to enhance public health and disease prevention and provide free services to all citizens. Designing electronic platforms raises health awareness in society, provides health programs and initiatives, and reaches homes, gardens, schools, and universities through applications based on artificial intelligence. The primary purpose of this article is to challenge the extent to which artificial intelligence is related to medicine and its contribution to the positive and negative effects of revolutionizing healthcare services.

IoT Revolutionizes Humidity Measurement and Management in Smart Cities to Enhance Health and Wellness

2024-08-08T16:49:54+00:00

This paper sets itself in a context of examining how IoT technology is disrupting and revolutionizing the monitoring and control of relative humidity in different spheres of smart cities with special reference to the enhancement of well-being in the information society. The authors discuss the current emergent research topics in IoT-based humidity sensors, wireless communication systems, and big data analytics for monitoring and controlling the humidity in real time. The paper also presents an outlook into various fields such as agriculture, healthcare, intelligent houses, industries, as well as the environment, and presents an indication of how managing humidity accurately enhances crop productivity, disease prevention, internal air quality, and the general wellbeing of the public. This also covers on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning for IoT on analysis in terms of prediction and control. Admittedly, there are limitations associated with IoT including data security, compatibility, and power supply issues of the devices, etc. The future development of IoT as described in the paper includes improved sensors, edge computing, and the use of block-chain technology. Therefore, the authors find that IoT techniques for humidity measurement and management are effectively used in the development of healthier, comfortable, and sustainable environments in smart cities to enhance the quality of life.

Evaluating if Ghana's Health Institutions and Facilities Act 2011 (Act 829) Sufficiently Addresses Medical Negligence Risks from Integration of Artificial Intelligence Systems

2024-01-10T06:12:34+00:00

With artificial intelligence (AI) integrated increasingly to enhance personalized diagnosis and data-driven treatment recommendations, this analysis examines the legal sufficiency of Ghana’s Health Institutions and Facilities Act 2011 (Act 829) to address medical negligence risks from reliance on AI systems in clinical settings. The CREAC framework structures evaluating gaps where existing health regulations may lack clarity for emerging issues of accountability. Explanation contextualizes the probabilistic nature of AI inferences and how general principles of medical negligence could have ambiguous application currently if erroneous AI contributions result in patient harm. Application to a hypothetical scenario assesses if adequate protections for appropriate integration exist across developers, systems, healthcare facilities, and practitioners under applicable interpretations of existing laws. Finding liability rules insufficient absent targeted AI governance, conclusions recommend amending Act 829 in key areas to codify expectations for responsible innovation and prevent ambiguity in liability.

This work carries scientific novelty as one of the first structured jurisdictional analyses internationally of healthcare AI accountability gaps through a legal lens. Practical significance lies in setting the stage for strengthening protections in Ghana through proposed statutory reforms that reduce uncertainty around this crucial area for quality care. The method and recommendations offer a model for modernizing medical negligence law and AI policy amidst ongoing digitization in healthcare worldwide.

Assigning Medical Professionals: ChatGPT's Contributions to Medical Education and Health Prediction

2024-07-27T12:01:46+00:00

Artificial intelligence is increasingly present in many applications that help humans accomplish many tasks. It can support improved results, increased productivity, and high efficiency in providing services. Systems developers seek to integrate improved artificial intelligence models into the development of healthcare services and make a significant qualitative shift in the medical field. One recently invented tool is ChatGPT, which deserves extensive advertising space. This tool provides sample answers that help both healthcare workers and patients answer all their questions. It is an important tool in medical education, increasing knowledge in making decisions that can improve the performance of medical professionals. The impact of this tool must be addressed because it is in a developed stage, and there are a good number of articles widely circulating that speak to and explain its importance at present. In this article, the importance and role of the ChatGPT tool in developing healthcare services and the tangible and informational information that is provided will be described, as well as the possibility of predicting diseases and diagnosing and treating patients.

Machine learning Helps in Quickly Diagnosis Cases of "New Corona"

2024-01-03T09:23:52+00:00

Machine learning is considered one of the most significant techniques that play a vital role in diagnosing the Coronavirus. It is a set of advanced algorithms capable of analysing medical data and identifying patterns and behaviours of diseases. It is used to interpret medical images, giving details of each image with high accuracy and efficiency, such as chest X-ray images. These algorithms are trained on a large set of images to recognise patterns that indicate the presence of infection with the Coronavirus (COVID-19). This article will provide a brief overview of the importance of machine learning in diagnosing COVID-19 by processing and analysing medical image data and helping physicians and healthcare workers provide distinguished and influential care for patients infected with this virus.

DARKNET-53 Convolutional Neural Network-Based Image Processing for Breast Cancer Detection

2024-06-20T14:31:03+00:00

Breast cancer is a common type of cancer in women, denoted by the uncontrolled growth of cells in breast tissue. Thus, manually detecting breast cancer is time-consuming and necessitates automated systems. Existing breast cancer screening methods often have limited efficacy and may delay detection and complicate the individual treatment planning process. However, early detection of breast cancer can be costly and impact the accuracy of diagnosis. To address this issue, we introduce a Darknet-53 Convolutional Neural Network (darknet-53CNN) approach for classifying breast cancer images and improving precision. Furthermore, we utilise the Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique to pre-process breast cancer images to enhance image quality. Furthermore, we evaluate the intensity level of pixel images by feature extraction using the Haralick Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (HGLCM) technique. Finally, the DarkNet-53 CNN method improves the accuracy of detecting breast cancer and classifying images as benign or malignant. The proposed algorithm evaluates the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of predictive test results based on the classification of breast cancer images. Moreover, the accuracy of the proposed method has increased to 95.6% compared to the methods obtained from previous approaches.

Exploring Deep Learning Methods Used in the Medical Device Sector

2024-04-24T08:42:47+00:00

The healthcare sector is witnessing significant development in many aspects thanks to the effects of artificial intelligence or software, which has turned out to be the centre of attraction all over the world. This is evidence of a simple development in acquiring deep knowledge of the methods and areas in which they are used. Face detection, voice recognition, autonomous use, the defence industry, the security industry, and other fields may be displayed as examples that help complete tasks. This article surveys the impact of deep learning methods and practices in the medical device industry, and we also examine the distribution of multi-year data. It is divided into six categories: healthcare, big data and wearable technologies, biomedical code, image processing, diagnostics, and the Internet of Medical Things. As a result, the medical device industry has grown in recent years through deep learning techniques and the use of most research related to diagnosis and image processing.