Mesopotamian Journal of Arabic Language Studies
Welcome scholars and researchers in Arabic language studies! The Mesopotamian Journal of Arabic Language Studies has launched, inviting your valuable contributions. Join our scholarly community dedicated to advancing knowledge in Arabic linguistics, literature, and culture. Your impactful research and insights will shape the field's discourse. With rigorous peer-review, we ensure excellence. Submit your work and engage in dialogue with us at the Mesopotamian Journal of Arabic Language Studies
A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study of Conceptual Metaphors in Iraqi vs. International Press Editorials (2024–2025)
This This study undertakes a corpus-based, contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphors in Iraqi Arabic press editorials and English-language international editorials published between January 2024 and September 2025. Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory with MIP/MIPVU identification, the study maps dominant source–target domains and evaluates their frequencies and framing functions across sociopolitical contexts. In the Iraqi Arabic subcorpus, salient realizations include POLITICS IS WAR (e.g., اﻟـﻤﻌﺮﻛـﺔ اﻻﻧـﺘﺨﺎﺑﯿﺔ ‘the electoral battle’), POLITICS IS PATHOLOGY (e.g., ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣـﺔ اﻟـﻔﺴﺎد ‘the germ of corruption’; ﯾـﺤﺘﺎج ﻋــــﻼﺟــا ﺳـﯿﺎﺳﯿﺎ ‘requires political treatment’), POLITICS IS A JOURNEY (e.g.,نمشي ﺑﻄﺮﯾـﻖ ﻣﺴـﺪود ‘we are moving down a dead-end road’), NATION IS BODY (e.g., ﻧـــــﺒﺾ اﻟــﺸﺎرع ‘the pulse of the street’), and ECONOMY IS MACHINE (e.g., ﻣﺤـﺮك اﻻﻗـﺘﺼﺎد ﻣـﺘﻌﻄﻞ ‘the economy’s engine is stalled’). A replicable workflow is specified for corpus construction, annotation, inter-annotator reliability, and statistical comparison (keyness, collocational profiling, and regression modeling). The research questions guiding this research paper are: (RQ1) How do the distributions of major conceptual mappings differ between Iraqi Arabic and international English editorials? (RQ2) How do these mappings function to frame actors, problems, and solutions within each context? (RQ3) Which linguistic and metadata factors (e.g., topic, outlet, time) predict metaphor choice and intensity? (RQ4) Do collocational profiles surrounding key metaphor vehicles systematically diverge across the two corpora? The Findings provide an up-to-date, cross-cultural profile of metaphorical framing in editorial discourse and offer open, reusable protocols for reproducible research, newsroom practice, and pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayad Lateef Az-zowar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vernacularism and the New Lexicon of the Arab Human Paradigm: Reclaiming the Creative Power of Derivation and Linguistic Adoption
This paper builds upon Nasser Hajjaj’s Arab Vernacularism (2024), expanding the paradigm of Vernacularism into translation and lexicon studies. It explores how newly introduced terms — vernaculate, vernaculation, vernaculist, and vernacularistic — redefine linguistic creativity, empowering translators and scholars to treat vernaculars as sources of knowledge and identity rather than linguistic deviations. Using retrospective and thematic analyses, this research establishes the foundations of a bilingual lexicon that bridges Arabic and English through terms like تنطيق (transliteration), شوارد لغوية (idiomatic vernaculars), and المحليّة (Vernacularism). It argues that Arabic linguistic thought must evolve beyond prescriptive grammar to embrace descriptive, human-centered paradigms. The study situates Vernacularism as an epistemological and methodological framework that integrates linguistics, translation, literature, anthropology, and AI-era humanism — offering an inclusive foundation for a renewed Arab human paradigm
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyadh A. Jashami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biliteralism and Its Impact on Arabic Morphology and Lexicography: A Vernacularist Reading of Anstās Mārī Al-Karmilī
This paper offers a critical re-examination of the Biliteralism theory (al-iṯnāʾiyya al-ṣarfiyya) as first articulated by Father Anastās Mārī al-Karmilī (1866 - 1947) and redefined by Dr. Nasser Hajjaj within the framework of Vernacularism. Biliteralism posits that Arabic, like its Semitic counterparts, evolved primarily from bi-radical etymons rather than the later tri-radical structures canonized by medieval Arab grammarians. While al-Karmilī approached this theory as both a comparative philologist and a lexicographer - drawing connections between Arabic and Indo-European linguistic patterns - Dr. Hajjaj extends its application to resolve diglossic tensions in Arabic morphology. Specifically, Hajjaj reintroduces the authentic bi-radical morphological templates فَعْ and فَعَّ for words such as مَل / مَلّ (“to tire” / “tired”), rejecting the prescriptive and historically artificial trilateral form ملل (faʿala → malala) imposed in classical lexicography. Through an analysis of historical dictionaries from Kitāb al-ʿAyn to Lisān al-ʿArab, alongside modern lexicographical works, this study demonstrates how the trilateral model became an entrenched orthodoxy despite its incompatibility with many vernaculars and even classical usage forms. By reinstating abandoned bi-radical roots, the paper proposes a morphological and lexicographic reform that bridges the gap between ʿArabī as a living tongue and the grammatized form of Arabic, thereby mitigating structural diglossia. This approach not only revives al-Karmilī’s underexplored insights but also positions Biliteralism as a viable methodology for modern Arabic lexicography, pedagogy, and computational linguistics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shereen Tanasra Barghout https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arabi is the Language of Ḍhāʾ: Arabic Phonetic Evolution and the Identity of the Arabi (Contemporary Standard Spoken Arabic CSSA)
Arabic, encompassing its diverse linguistic varieties, is the tongue of the Ḍhāʾ- a sound uniquely articulated by Arabs, which non-Arabic speakers historically struggled to pronounce accurately. The letter Ḍhāʾ (ظ) has always been phonetically and articulatory closer to Ḍhād (ض) than any other letter. Historical sources examining Arabic phonetics largely agree that pre-codification Arabs either did not distinguish between the sounds of Ḍhāʾ and Ḍhād or did so with great difficulty. This ambiguity led to instances where Quranic verses, such as Ḍhanīn in "وما هو على الغيب بظنين" were also recited with Ḍhād ("بضنين"). This phenomenon prompted renowned Arab linguists like Al-Ṣāḥib ibn ʿAbbād (d. 385 AH), Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī (d. 444 AH), and Abū al-Barakāt al-Anbārī (d. 577 AH) to author numerous works differentiating the two sounds. To this day, Arabic speakers - particularly in the Eastern Arab world (e.g., Iraq and the Gulf states) - face challenges in distinguishing these sounds both orally and orthographically. This is evident in the English transliteration of words like Abu Ḍhabi (أبو ظبي) and Riyaḍh (الرياض), where both sounds are represented by the same letter. However, in the early 20th century, some Egyptians in Cairo began differentiating the two sounds by altering the pronunciation of Ḍād. They shifted it from its traditional Arabic articulation as a voiced dental fricative to a new emphatic plosive sound, akin to the letter Dāl (د). This paper investigates the phonetic evolution affecting some Arabs’ pronunciation of Ḍhād, the impact of this "linguistic shift" on contemporary Arabic orthography and the identity of the Arabic tongue, and the feasibility of redefining the Arabic linguistic identity through the distinctiveness of Ḍhāʾ rather than Ḍhād.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasser Hajjaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vernacularism as an Essential Research Methodology in Translation Studies
This paper examines the transformative role of Vernacularism as introduced by Nasser Hajjaj in Arab Vernacularism (2024) (المحلية العربية) and its fundamental contributions to translation studies. As a newly coined term in the field, Vernacularism reshapes translation theory by offering an alternative to prescriptive linguistic approaches. By redefining the term "vernacular" and introducing new terminologies such as Tantīq (تنطيق) (transliteration), Shawārid (شوارد لغوية) (idiomatic expressions), and Ḩis’Chah (حسچة) (witty, symbolic, and enigmatic expressions in Iraqi vernacular), Hajjaj foregrounds the integration of cultural and linguistic nuances into translation. This methodology enhances the translation of creative works, particularly poetry, while simultaneously resisting cultural homogenization and preserving local identities. The paper argues that Vernacularism is indispensable in ensuring that translations maintain linguistic accuracy and cultural resonance, offering a framework for bridging cultures while counteracting hegemonic linguistic forces.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mazin Jasim Al-Hilu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vernacularism and the Liberation of Arab Thought: Dismantling Linguistic Hegemony
This paper examines the intricate relationship between language and freedom in the Arabic-speaking world through the prism of Vernacularism, drawing on Nasser Hajjaj’s pioneering work Arab Vernacularism (2024). The enforcement of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as the sole legitimate form of Arabic not only marginalizes local dialects but also imposes a form of linguistic subjugation that deprives individuals of their natural mode of expression. This linguistic hegemony—long criticized by Mostafa Safouan in Why Are Arabs Not Free? and by E. Shouby in The Influence of the Arabic Language on the Psychology of the Arabs—extends beyond academia into the publishing industry, education, and digital communication. Millions of Arabs are not free to write in their own language; they are coerced into using a grammatized, artificial version of Arabic that erases their vernacular heritage and suppresses critical thought. By analyzing how linguistic hierarchies reinforce psychological and social repression, this study argues that Vernacularism is the path toward decolonizing Arabic linguistic thought. It proposes that the formal recognition and academic incorporation of vernaculars will dismantle entrenched diglossia, liberating Arab intellectual life and aligning it with global linguistic realities. Moreover, by integrating vernacular Arabic into digital technology—particularly Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)—Arab societies can reclaim linguistic agency and participate fully in the digital age without the constraints imposed by MSA’s prescriptive structures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasser Hajjaj, Riyadh Abbas AlJashami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conceptualization of Arabic Poetry: The Impact of Vernacularism on Modern Poetic Discourse
This study explores the concept of Vernacularism as introduced by Nasser Hajjaj in his book Arab Vernacularism (2024), positioning it as a cultural strategy countering the linguistic and cultural hegemony imposed by globalization or Arab nationalism. The research examines the re-employment of "vernacular themes" in modern Arabic poetic discourse as a means of restoring suppressed linguistic diversity and achieving balance between Standard Arabic (FusHa) and the spoken languages, which Ibn Khaldun referred to as Lughat al-Amsar (Languages of Countries) and which collectively constitute Arabi (the Arabic tongue), Contemporary Standard Spoken Arabic CSSA. The study employs both Retrospective Method and Thematic Analysis in analyzing the linguistic heritage of Arabic. It traces the historical interaction between Standard Arabic and vernacular languages, from the multiple linguistic traditions of the Quran to the establishment of Standard Arabic as the official normative language at the expense of linguistic diversity within Arabi. Additionally, Thematic Analysis is utilized to examine how vernacular themes function in poetic discourse, revealing patterns of cultural resistance and identity formation. Furthermore, the research highlights the role of vernacular themes in the poetry of modernist pioneers such as Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Mudhaffar al-Nawab, and Salah Abdel-Sabour, analyzing how these themes function as expressive tools that allow Arabic poetry to engage with multiple cultural identities. Through this perspective, the study contributes to a reevaluation of the relationship between language, power, and cultural identity, emphasizing the significance of linguistic plurality as an integral part of the living Arabic heritage.
Lughat al-Amsar (Languages of Countries),
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Al Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Retrospective Method of Vernacularism and The Deconstruction of Arabic Diglossia
The phenomenon of diglossia in Arabic, characterized by the coexistence of a high literary form (Modern Standard Arabic, or al-Fuṣḥā) and diverse spoken vernaculars, has long been a subject of scholarly inquiry. While early studies, such as those by Charles A. Ferguson and Salih J. Altoma, framed diglossia as a natural linguistic evolution, recent scholarship, notably Nasser Hajjaj’s Arab Vernacularism (2024), challenges this narrative by tracing the origins of diglossia to deliberate interventions by Arabic grammarians over 13 centuries ago. Hajjaj argues that the creation of al-Fuṣḥā as an artificial, standardized dialect was not a natural development but a constructed linguistic ideal that diverged from the spoken vernaculars of the time. This paper builds on Hajjaj’s retrospective analysis, employing vernacularism as a lens to uncover the sociopolitical and cultural circumstances that led to the emergence of diglossia in Arabic. By examining historical evidence and the role of early grammarians in dramatizing and codifying al-Fuṣḥā, this study reveals how the institutionalization of a "most eloquent" written form created a linguistic duality that persists to this day. Through this approach, the paper not only recontextualizes the origins of Arabic diglossia but also highlights the enduring impact of vernacularism in understanding the complex relationship between written and spoken Arabic. This research contributes to broader discussions on language standardization, identity, and power dynamics in the Arabic-speaking world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faraj Hamdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ashura and Its Parallel Themes in Iraqi Vernacular Discourse: A Vernacularism-Based Analysis
This paper presents a discourse analysis of the theme of Ashura عاشورا and its synonymous expressions in Iraqi vernacular literature, employing Vernacularism as an interdisciplinary research methodology. While Ashura holds deep religious, historical, and cultural significance in Iraq, its representation in vernacular literature extends beyond its theological meanings, shaping expressions of mourning, resistance, sacrifice, and social justice. Through Thematic Analysis, Retrospective Method, and Discourse Analysis, this study explores how folk poetry, oral traditions, lamentation chants, and contemporary literary works in the Iraqi dialect encode the Ashura theme within broader social, political, and cultural narratives. By applying Vernacularism, the research highlights the local nuances and linguistic creativity through which Iraqi poets and storytellers have embedded Ashura into their cultural consciousness, often employing synonyms, metaphors, and idiomatic expressions that reflect communal memory and lived experience. The study also examines how Iraqi vernacular literature negotiates identity, belonging, and historical continuity through the evolving discourse surrounding Ashura. Findings reveal that Ashura, as a vernacular theme, is not merely a historical event but an intertextual motif that resonates in various genres, from elegiac poetry (مراثي) to revolutionary songs, proverbs, and contemporary political discourse. The study argues that Vernacularism provides a necessary framework to decode such expressions within their native cultural contexts, resisting the reductive categorization of Iraqi oral and folk literature under elite historical or theological discourses. By bridging linguistic, anthropological, and historical perspectives, this paper underscores the dynamic role of vernacular discourse in preserving and reinventing collective memory, demonstrating how Ashura, as a theme, continues to shape Iraqi cultural identity and resistance narratives across generations
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyad Sajit Salem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arab Vernacularism: A New Approach to Cultural and Linguistic Discourse in the Modern Age
Arab Vernacularism (المحليّة العربية) challenges long-standing notions about the role of vernacular languages and culture in the Arab world. In this work، vernacularism is presented not just as a linguistic phenomenon but as a cultural، creative، and ideological force that shapes local identities and resists global homogenization. However، the book also confronts significant academic and political obstacles that have hindered the study of vernaculars، particularly in the context of Arab Nationalism. The restriction or even outright prohibition of studying local dialects has been presented as a threat to Arab unity، with fears that emphasizing local dialects over Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) could lead to fragmentation and division within the Arab world.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nasser Hajjaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The development of Arabic grammar: a comparative study between ancient and contemporary grammar schools
This research deals with the development of Arabic grammar with a focus on a comparison between traditional grammar schools and modern curricula. The research reviews the emergence of Arabic grammar by Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, highlighting the contributions of the visual and kufic schools during the Abbasid era, where the visual school is characterized by strict adherence to normative rules, while the keffiyeh is characterized by flexibility and acceptance of dialectal diversity. The research also discusses contemporary challenges in grammar education, such as the complexity of grammar and the low demand for its study. Attempts to simplify grammar in the modern era are analyzed, including those of Ibrahim Mustafa in The Revival of Grammar, and modern school curricula. The research also highlights the role of modern technology, such as artificial intelligence applications and interactive software, in teaching grammar and correcting texts. The results show the importance of innovating new methods to simplify grammar and facilitate its learning, to ensure the continuity of its role in preserving the Arabic language and preserving its identity
Copyright (c) 2024 Omar Abdel Eid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Speech acts, their psychological dimensions and their impact on the interpretation of discourse An applied study in the novels of Jean Dost
This research aims to shed light on speech acts, their psychological dimensions, and their impact on interpreting discourse. The research took Jean Dost's novels as an applied sample due to their importance in that they convey a human experience and work to deliver messages to the recipient through their content. There are matters that contribute to activating the use of (language and communication) to meet the personal and societal needs of humans and are represented in the art of dealing with the world or how to deal with it. In understanding that world, the individual's mission, whether the individual is a speaker or a sender, lies in thwarting the flaws of language and being aware of the traps of grammar. In our research, we addressed linguistic communication and its relationship to the communicative context, and the relationship of the communicative dimensions to each other, in addition to their impact on the communication process. This research took a pivotal aspect in linguistic communication, which is speech acts and interpreting discourse. In this aspect, we tried to understand the process of linguistic communication and interpretation and the relationship of all of this to the communicative aspects and their psychological and emotional impact on the sender and the recipient.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Khaled Mahmoud , Ruwa Nidal Omar Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Representing Events in Ancient Arabic Narrative The News of the Thieves as a Model
The news of thieves has not received significant attention from contemporary researchers. Given the clear importance of news in general, and specifically the news of thieves, in ancient Arabic literature, these accounts garnered noticeable interest from historians, narrators, and classical authors. We find that there are books dedicated to thieves by renowned writers such as Al-Jahiz (d. 255 AH) and Al-Sukkari (d. 275 AH). Since news is a part of ancient Arabic literature, it has played a dominant role in transmitting literary and historical knowledge. As the news of thieves is considered a form of this genre and has been overlooked by contemporary scholars, it becomes necessary to study it scientifically, focusing on its artistic formulation and literary representation in ancient times. This research aims to uncover the artistic and narrative structure of events within these accounts..
Copyright (c) 2023 Heba Allah Ali Abdul Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Irony of Why I Left the Horse Alone by Mahmoud Darwish
This research deals with paradox as a feature of the poetic language of Mahmoud Darwish in his collection (Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone), and in order to clarify this, the research adopted the descriptive analytical method; This is done by presenting a descriptive, theoretical study of the studied issue. This is supplemented by an applied analytical study that shows the purpose and aesthetics resulting from employing this phenomenon. Hence, the study was divided into two sections: The first of them specialized in providing theoretical definitions of the concept of paradox and its mechanisms such as irony, exaggeration, brevity, and contrast. And patterns, the most prominent of which are: the verbal paradox, the romantic paradox, and the graphic paradox. We devoted the second section to the applied study, which investigates examples of these mechanisms and patterns in the selected collection, and studies them through an analytical study that shows the construction of paradox and its aesthetics in the language of Mahmoud Darwish. The research concluded with a number of results, the most prominent of which was that irony in Darwish’s poetry was a stylistic requirement and a means he resorted to to reveal many of his feelings and thoughts that his pride or the political and social situation might prevent him from declaring. Irony was the best way to express this.
irony, sarcasm, exaggeration, brevity, contrast, romantic irony, verbal irony, graphic irony
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Aljoranie, George Saadeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Rhetorical Arts in the Poetry of Ibn Sid al- Batalyusi
The rhetorical arts are among the arts that the Arabs cared most about, so the poet and orator had a special home for them, and for rhetoric in a very special way, the Holy Qur’an is the miracle Al-Kubra came in rhetoric and its result because the Arabs were interested in it, focusing on studying it and laying down the laws and rules that regulate it. Because of the importance of this topic, we will address our study of the poetry of Ibn al-Sayyid al-Batliosi in its various arts and methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aws Abd Khudair Hussein , Nira Nazaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vision and formation in the poetry of Ibn Hudhayl Al-Andalusi: a critical analytical study
Ibn Hudhayl al-Andalusi is considered one of the prominent figures in Arabic poetry in Al-Andalus during the 4th century AH. His poetry is characterized by a unique blend of originality and innovation, drawing inspiration from the rich and diverse Andalusian environment. Ibn Hudhayl's poetry stands out for its distinct poetic vision that goes beyond traditional description, delving deeply into the essence of the human experience, expressing emotions and thoughts where nature and culture intertwine in a unique harmony. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analytical study of the poetic vision that distinguished Ibn Hudhayl, with a focus on the rhetorical and artistic structure in his poetic works. The study explores how Ibn Hudhayl was influenced by the cultural and social environment of Al-Andalus, which was then a center for civilizational interaction between the East and the West. Through this study, the role of nature in shaping the poetic imagery of Ibn Hudhayl is highlighted, where nature was not merely a backdrop for events but a reflection of his psychological states and philosophical contemplations. The research also examines the cultural exchanges between the East and Al-Andalus and how this interaction contributed to refining Ibn Hudhayl's style, enabling him to blend Eastern elements into his Andalusian poems in an innovative manner. By comparing Ibn Hudhayl's style with that of his Andalusian contemporaries, the research illustrates Ibn Hudhayl's uniqueness in using symbolism and complex metaphors, which added philosophical depth and distinguished rhetorical aesthetics to his poetry.This research seeks to provide an integrated view of Ibn Hudhayl's role in the development of Arabic poetry, demonstrating how the rich Andalusian environment and its cultural diversity shaped his poetic identity, making him an important model for studying the evolution of Arabic poetry during that period. Through a deeper understanding of the vision and structure in Ibn Hudhayl's poetry, the research makes a significant contribution to Arabic literary criticism and highlights the importance of cultural environments in shaping poets and their impact on Arabic literature.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shaimaa Jabir Salman Al-Shabani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legendary symbol In the poetry of Muhammad Afifi Matar (1935-2010)
There have been many studies and researches on the concept of the symbol in literature, especially in poetry, because through the symbol the poet can give several different meanings, and the poet tries through the symbol to give a hint and hint to a previous subject, anecdote, theme, or anything he wants through coding and code. This technique is for the poet to express his different readings, and to introduce traditional and mythical figures to express his own intellectual thoughts and ideology. The poems of Muhammad Afifi Matar were enriched with this distinctive poetic color, and he was distinguished from all other contemporary poets of him, as Muhammad Afifi Matar was not traditional in using this technique. It is not possible to study his poems according to the old rhetorical theory, but he tried to use modern and innovative technologies, and he added the myth as a symbol in his poems, which made the research depend on this basis and the research focuses on discovering the legendary symbol of Muhammad Afifi Matar according to the analytical and descriptive approach, and he studied at the beginning Concepts of symbol and myth and what myth and legends are in different countries and myths in Arabic literature and the mythical symbol of contemporary poets and the reasons for resorting to myth. The study attempts to answer two basic questions: What are the manifestations of the legendary symbol in the poetry of Muhammad Afifi Matar? How are Matar's poems distinguished by using the mythical symbol? The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the legendary symbol added a special aesthetic and attractiveness, and it was found that the poet is familiar with different cultures and civilizations, which gave this symbol beauty to his poetic text.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iyad Rahim Abd AlJubouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The flourishing of intellectual and literary life in the Abbasid era
This research deals with the factors behind the flourishing of intellectual and literary life in the Abbasid era, which extended from 132 AH to 656 AH. The research indicates that the Abbasid era was one of the longest and most prosperous Islamic eras in terms of scientific and literary production, despite the political and social crises it witnessed. This prosperity was attributed to several factors, including economic prosperity, which enabled the caliphs to generously support scholars and writers. Religious factors also played a major role in promoting this prosperity, as religious sciences such as jurisprudence and hadith became active. Moreover, the translation movement contributed to the transfer of sciences and philosophies from foreign cultures into the Arabic language, which greatly influenced Abbasid thought and literature. By studying the means that contributed to achieving this prosperity, such as the Arabic language, and the role of science such as schools, mosques, and katabs, it can be said that the Abbasid era represented a turning point in the history of Arabic literature and science.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mortada Kamel , Widad Al-Ayyubi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Performance: A Comparison between the E-Learning and Classical Classroom Learning for Arabic Language Department
Background: the learning system in Iraq has been switched to an e-learning system as a taken action to decrease the infections of COVID-19 in Iraq. The question of “to what extent does this system affect the performance of students” has been raised and needed investigation. Aim: This study aimed to compare students' performance between e-learning and traditional classroom learning. Method: Data were collected from 183 students at Anbar University in Iraq from the College of Education for Human Sciences. The collected data for students' achievement was scaled to five levels from 1 to 5. The paired t-test and independent t-test were used to determine if there are any significant differences between students' performances according to the learning approaches and to determine if there are any significant differences between students' performances depending on the student's gender. Results: A statistical analysis of the exam results was conducted using paired and independent t-tests. The results show that the performance was higher when using e-learning while gender is not a significant factor in performance change. Conclusion: The outcome of this study demonstrated the existence of the differences between the performances of students in the two semesters; their performance was higher when using the e-learning system. This indicates the significant effect of the use of e-learning on the performance of students.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sadir Fadhil , Abeer K. Jameel , Rana Fadhil , Ahmed Battal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper provides a comprehensive study of Arabic grammar, exploring its historical development, core components, and modern applications. Beginning with an analysis of the origins of Arabic grammar and its evolution through influential figures such as Sibawayh and Al-Farahidi, the paper delves into key aspects of syntax, morphology, and case endings that form the foundation of the language. Advanced topics, including the use of particles, ellipsis, and gender agreement, are also examined. The paper highlights the challenges faced in learning and teaching Arabic grammar, particularly with regard to the complexities of verb conjugation, case endings, and the diglossic nature of the language. A comparative analysis of Arabic with other Semitic and Indo-European languages reveals the unique features of Arabic grammar. Additionally, the paper discusses the applications of Arabic grammar in modern linguistics, literature, computational tools, and media. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of Arabic grammar in preserving the language’s heritage and exploring new pedagogical and research opportunities
Copyright (c) 2024 mohamad Al-Taher Radwan Mohamed Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Arabic language is one of the most historically significant and widely spoken languages in the world, serving as the foundation of Islamic culture and intellectual traditions. This editorial explores the evolution, structure, and enduring influence of Arabic, tracing its roots from ancient Semitic languages to its role in shaping literature, science, and philosophy during the Islamic Golden Age. The paper also addresses the linguistic challenges facing Arabic today, particularly the divergence between Modern Standard Arabic and regional dialects, as well as the influence of globalization. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of preserving both Classical and Modern Arabic in the digital age, while encouraging efforts to promote Arabic literacy and engagement with its rich cultural heritage.
Copyright (c) 2023 Prof. Dr. Abaker Abdelbanat, Abdul Rahman Khalaf Matlab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper deals with the topic of "tasdiq" in Arabic grammar, which is a term that refers to the presentation of one part of the sentence over another. The paper discusses the views of ancient and modern grammarians on this grammatical phenomenon, its causes, types, rules, and its purpose. It also highlights the importance of tasdiq in understanding and analyzing linguistic structures correctly
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Hadrami, Al-Taj Ibrahim Dafallah Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The constructional question is a rhetorical study
This paper deals with the topic of constructional question from a rhetorical perspective, as the interrogative sentence style is one of the important rhetorical styles in the Arabic language. The paper aims to shed light on this style and explain its rhetorical characteristics and various purposes, drawing on the opinions of ancient and modern rhetoricians and grammarians.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ibrahim Suleiman Haidara, Muhammad Abdul Ghafour Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research explores the term of "Ihtibak" (Polysemy) in the Holy Quran, which is a rhetorical technique that combines multiple meanings within a single expression. The study aims to investigate the instances of Ihtibak in the Quranic verses, elucidate its rhetorical purposes and intended objectives. Additionally, it sheds light on the importance of studying this rhetorical technique to gain a deeper and more precise understanding of the Quranic text. The research reviews the views of scholars and exegetes regarding this rhetorical phenomenon and provides detailed analyses and studies of examples from the Quranic verses that feature Ihtibak. Ultimately, the research concludes with findings and recommendations highlighting the significance of studying Ihtibak in the Holy Quran and underscoring its linguistic and rhetorical miracles.
Copyright (c) 2023 Khalil Muhammad Al-Khatib, Sri Lumatus Sa’adah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Arabic Parsing Capabilities of ChatGPT and Cloude: An Expert-Based Comparative Study
Arabic, known for its rich morphological and syntactic complexity, poses significant challenges for natural language processing technologies. This study presents a comparative evaluation of two artificial intelligence tools, ChatGPT and Cloude, in their abilities to parse Arabic sentences accurately. Five sentences embodying diverse linguistic features were selected, and the parsing outputs were evaluated by three Arabic language experts. The results revealed a clear performance gap, with Cloude outperforming ChatGPT in overall accuracy (72.9% vs. 33.3%). Cloude excelled in handling morphological complexities and basic syntactic relationships but encountered difficulties with highly idiomatic expressions and ambiguous constructions. Conversely, ChatGPT struggled with complex morphology and long-distance dependencies. The findings highlight the importance of developing specialized Arabic language processing tools while acknowledging the potential of general-purpose language models with further fine-tuning. Recommendations include incorporating domain-specific knowledge, leveraging transfer learning, and exploring ensemble approaches to enhance the accuracy and robustness of AI-based Arabic parsing systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad Aljanabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping the Evolution of Arabic Language Research: A Bibliometric Approach
This bibliometric analysis examines the progression of research on the Arabic language using a thorough dataset obtained from Scopus and shared on GitHub. This study uses quantitative measurements to analyze the field's progression, pinpointing significant trends, notable contributors, and thematic emphasis areas. The analysis shows a strong connection between linguistic studies and technology improvements through the incorporation of computer approaches like natural language processing and deep learning. Geographical contributions demonstrate a worldwide interest in Arabic language studies, with Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Jordan, and Tunisia being the top countries in terms of scholarly output and citation effect. The study delves into a detailed examination of sociolinguistic aspects, specifically focusing on gender, in Arabic language research. The discipline is expanding dynamically and showing interdisciplinary characteristics through a consistent growth in research output and a diverse range of themes indicated by keyword analysis. The co-occurrence network analysis demonstrates the interconnection of research issues, with "Arabic languages" serving as a core node connecting several sub-disciplines. This bibliometric analysis illustrates the expansion and thematic development of Arabic language research, highlighting its growing complexity and worldwide influence. This study enhances comprehension of the present state and future trends of Arabic language studies by emphasizing the use of computational technology and the importance of international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asst.Prof.Dr.Abdulroya Benseng,, Sakirin Tam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Ascetic Themes in the Poetry of Abu Nuwas: An Analytical Study
This research paper examined the theme of asceticism in the poetry of the Abbasid poet Abu Nuwas, focusing on the morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis of his ascetic poems. The research concluded several key findings, most notably: the poet's prolific use of infinitives and diverse types of plurals in his poetry; his utilization of various rhetorical styles such as interrogation, emphasis, condition, and foregrounding and backgrounding; in addition to his use of the semantics devices of synonymy and contrast
Ascetic poetry , Morphological analysis, Rhetorical styles, Abu Nuwas
Copyright (c) 2022 Nizar Abdullah Al-Nuweiri, Al-Taj Ibrahim Dafallah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rhetorical arts In the poetry collection of the poet Mahmoud Mufleh
Rhetorical arts in the poetry collection of the poet Mahmoud Mufleh. Mr. Mufleh, the teacher, specified the subject for me from a study of his poems from page 289 to page 310, provided that my research includes meanings, explanation, and creativity in all their aspects. So I rolled up my sleeves, relying on God Almighty, and relying on the available sources and references. I first studied the life of our great poet, but the sources, references, and biographies were of no help to me in that, so I relied on the Internet to obtain information related to his biography and scholarship, and then I saw that It is necessary to introduce rhetoric and its three sections, and I made all of that into a topic that I paved the way for research.
Copyright (c) 2022 شير علي تارين، سامينا مالك https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Purposes and Artistic Characteristics of Andalusian Poetry (zajal)
This research examines zajal, a type of modern Arabic poetry that differs from traditional poetry in terms of grammatical inflection and rhyme. The aim is to define zajal linguistically and terminologically, and demonstrate its origins, themes, and artistic characteristics. The findings show that zajal can be considered a sung muwashshah. It spread across Al-Andalus then the Arab East. It has diverse themes including love poetry, wine poetry, and panegyric. It also has varied artistic forms such as simple, compound, complex, and anomalous
Copyright (c) 2022 Abdulqader Bkhosh, Abdulhakim Yousef Al-Khalifi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Al-Alusi and his rhetorical efforts in Surat Hud and Yusuf
The aim of this study is to uncover the rhetorical efforts in Surat Yusuf, which according to Al-Alusi in his interpretation is the spirit of meanings, and an attempt to shed light on the creative values and aesthetic features mentioned in the interpretation. The results reached can be presented as follows: Al-Alusi did not address all topics of Arabic rhetoric. In his interpretation of Surat Hud and Yusuf, when Al-Alusi mentions the rhetorical aspect, he comments on it a little. Regarding the meanings, Al-Alusi mentioned the following sections: the primary predicate, the interrogative, the call, the oath, the predicate departing from what is apparent, brevity and redundancy, and brevity.
Copyright (c) 2022 جاجات بحرالدين ، نورهانا عبد الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0