Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
The Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering is a specialized publication dedicated to advancing civil engineering studies in a regionally diverse context. Focusing on original research and innovative solutions, this journal provides a platform for scholars and practitioners to address the unique challenges and opportunities in infrastructure development and sustainability. By integrating engineering insights with interdisciplinary perspectives, the journal contributes valuable insights to both historical and contemporary civil engineering practices.
Resolution of Expression of Concern: Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection
Resolution of Expression of Concern regarding for: Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection (A. K. . Abdulwahd, S. . Mugisha, P. . Chavula, & F. . Kayusi , Trans.). (2025). Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2025, 49-67. https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2025/004 DOI of this Notice: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2026/005 Original Article: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2025/004 Expression of Concern: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2026/002 Following the publication of the article, Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection Published 2025-04-11 an Expression of Concern was issued by the Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering on 2026-03-05 to alert our readers to concerns regarding methodology, data provenance, and reported outcomes to confirm their reliability and reproducibility The editorial team of the Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering has completed a thorough post-publication review of the article, the supporting data, and the authors' responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors. We have found no evidence of misconduct or invalidity in the research. The findings presented in the original article are considered robust and accurate. This notice formally resolves the previously published Expression of Concern. The original article stands as published, and we affirm the integrity of the research. The Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering thanks the readers who brought these matters to our attention, as well as the authors for their cooperation during the review process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
Solving Flexural-Torsional Buckling Equations of Thin-Walled Columns using Stodola-Vianello Successive Iteration Method
In this study, Timoshenko’s equations for the generalized elastic thin-walled column buckling analysis was solved by the Stodola-Vianello iteration method (SVIM). The candidate problem which is a system of three coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in three displacement variables was expressed using four successive integrations as a system of three coupled iteration equations at the nth buckling mode. Boundary conditions (BCs) were applied to obtain the constants of integration. General solutions were then obtained for simply supported BCs for the general cases of: (a) unsymmetrical cross-sections, (b) doubly symmetrical cross-sections and (c) singly symmetrical cross-sections about the yy axis and zz axis respectively. It was found that for the doubly symmetric cross sections, the buckling equations are uncoupled and the least of the critical buckling loads in flexural buckling about the yy and zz axes and torsional buckling determines the failure. It was also found that the buckling types are coupled for unsymmetrical cross-sections. However, for doubly symmetrical cross-sections about the zz axis, the flexural buckling in the zz direction is uncoupled while the flexural buckling about the yy direction is coupled with the torsional buckling. For singly symmetrical cross-sections about the yy axis, the flexural buckling in the yy direction is uncoupled while the flexural buckling about the zz axis is coupled with the torsional buckling. The critical buckling load is found as the smallest of the buckling loads obtained by solving the algebraic eigenvalue problem
Expression of Concern: Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN FOR: Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection (A. K. . Abdulwahd, S. . Mugisha, P. . Chavula, & F. . Kayusi , Trans.). (2025). Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2025, 49-67. https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2025/004 https://mesopotamian.press/journals/index.php/MJCE/article/view/882 Reason for Expression of Concern: The Editors wish to alert readers to potential concerns regarding the reliability of the findings reported in “Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection”. The journal has initiated an additional editorial assessment of the article’s methodology, data provenance, and reported outcomes to confirm their reliability and reproducibility. This notice is issued to ensure transparency while the review is ongoing. The Expression of Concern does not constitute a final determination regarding the validity of the work. The journal will update readers once the assessment is completed and will take any necessary editorial action in accordance with the journal’s policies and COPE guidance.
Expression of Concern: Sensitivity Analysis of Electromechanical Impedance Signals for Early Detection of Debonding in Sandwich Face Layers: A Case Study Using SHM Data
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN FOR: Sensitivity Analysis of Electromechanical Impedance Signals for Early Detection of Debonding in Sandwich Face Layers: A Case Study Using SHM Data (W. A. . Hammood, S. M. . Asmara, M. M. . Rosli, I. I. . Ghdhban, & E. U. . Osiobe , Trans.). (2025). Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2025, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.58496/MJCE/2025/001 https://mesopotamian.press/journals/index.php/MJCE/article/view/849 Reason for Expression of Concern: The Editors wish to alert readers to potential concerns regarding the reliability of the findings reported in “Sensitivity Analysis of Electromechanical Impedance Signals for Early Detection of Debonding in Sandwich Face Layers: A Case Study Using SHM Data”. The journal has initiated an additional editorial assessment of the article’s methodology, data provenance, and reported outcomes to confirm their reliability and reproducibility. This notice is issued to ensure transparency while the review is ongoing. The Expression of Concern does not constitute a final determination regarding the validity of the work. The journal will update readers once the assessment is completed and will take any necessary editorial action in accordance with the journal’s policies and COPE guidance.
TensorFlow-Native Implementation for Crack Detection in Concrete Structures
This paper presents a TensorFlow-native implementation for automated crack detection in concrete structures, addressing the critical need for efficient and objective infrastructure monitoring. Leveraging a Convolutional Neural Network architecture with 24.8 million parameters, the model was trained on a large-scale dataset of 40,000 images, each with a 227x227 RGB resolution. The methodology, incorporating specific framework optimizations and a rigorous training configuration, achieved a remarkable overall classification accuracy of 99.375% on the validation dataset. The model demonstrated balanced performance with precision values of 0.993 and 0.994, recall values of 0.994 and 0.993, and F1-scores of 0.994 and 0.994 for both "No Crack" and "Crack" classes. This high accuracy, coupled with balanced metrics, underscores the model's effectiveness and reliability for practical applications. The proposed solution significantly enhances real-time structural health monitoring systems, mitigating the limitations of traditional manual inspections and facilitating proactive maintenance strategies for concrete infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mesopotamian Journal of Civil Engineering
Sustainable Construction Materials and Green Infrastructure: A Global Bibliometric Analysis of Environmental Innovation in Civil Engineering (2025–2026)
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on sustainable construction materials and green infrastructure indexed in Scopus during 2025–2026. Using 19,991 documents from 2,011 sources, analyzed through Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny, the study examines publication trends, source impact, authorship patterns, institutional productivity, and geographical collaboration. Results reveal a rapidly expanding yet uneven research landscape characterized by strong regional concentration and varying citation performance. At the journal level, Sustainability (Switzerland) leads in volume (944 papers), while Journal of Cleaner Production and Construction and Building Materials demonstrate superior impact (h-index = 12 and 11, respectively). Authorship analysis shows dominance by East Asian researchers—particularly Wang Y., Zhang Y., and institutions such as Tsinghua and Tongji Universities—while collaboration data indicate limited international engagement from high-output regions. Conversely, countries like Australia and Germany exhibit smaller publication counts but stronger cross-border collaboration and higher citation-per-article ratios. Overall, the findings highlight a maturing but hierarchically structured research domain, where productivity, impact, and collaboration are unevenly distributed across regions and journals. Bridging these disparities through diversified publication strategies and enhanced international partnerships is essential to translate the growing volume of sustainability research into global environmental and engineering impact.
An Editorial Vision for Civil Engineering Navigating Intelligence and Innovation
The integration of Artificial Intelligence in civil engineering has seen a major advancement over the applications of primitive data-driven models, reaching advanced hybrid physics-informed models. This evolution represents a significant change of paradigm from the basic predictive analytics to what is now called "structural cognition." But in this cutting-edge paradigm, the evolutionary learning of AI beyond the structural prediction is further developed, with the ability to learn underlying causal relationships in complicated engineering systems. This not only allows them to diagnose potential problems, but also to proactively propose well-targeted remedial measures, giving engineers a greater understanding of the situation as well as better, better-informed decision-making with respect to infrastructure sustainability and safety [1], [2]. A critical element to this evolution is the emergence of "perceptive infrastructure." This idea is further greatly supported by similar inventions like wavelet-diffusion architectures, and it is very useful in the design of the most robust vision-based monitoring systems. The systems are especially well-suited to demanding environments, such as low-light and other bad weather conditions where conventional surveillance techniques tend to break down. By equipping infrastructure with the ability to sense and make real-time sense of their environment with high fidelity, these technologies are ushering in a new era of self-sensing, self-reporting and even self-predicting civil assets, heading toward constant intelligent self-diagnosis [1]. Figure 1 illustrates artificial intelligence tools in civil engineering.
Correlations between Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials for Civil Structures: A Data-Supported Review
Nowadays, composite materials have been widely used in modern engineering applications such as automotive, aerospace, structure, buildings, and architecture. The larger usage was based on their good durability, remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, and lightweight nature. For selection appropriate material and design is needed to be analysis the mechanical and physical properties. Our research work will be focused on review of the relationships between these parameters resin content, density, and matrix–filler ratio and important mechanical properties particularly tensile strength and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and elastic modulus have been closely linked due to their relationship called stiffness–strength coupling. Additionally, to enhance tensile performance, the study identifies optimal parameter ranges like a matrix–filler ratio of about 1.8 and a resin content around 150 g/m². These insights are crucial for engineering, as they aid in material optimization, performance forecasting, and ensuring structural reliability. However, concerns linger regarding the long-term durability of composites when faced with environmental stresses like temperature fluctuations, moisture, and chemical exposure, which can lead to issues like fatigue and creep. Early damage detection in many materials remains a challenge, highlighting the need for advanced structural health monitoring tools. Furthermore, there are still gaps in optimization methods, standardization processes, and predictive modeling where all of them are essential for maintaining consistent performance and safety.
Bibliometric Insights into Advances in Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Delamination Detection
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of advances in nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques for delamination detection, based on 4,382 publications indexed in Scopus from 2021 to 2025. Using advanced bibliometric methods and the biblioshiny package in R, the analysis evaluates annual scientific production, citation trends, thematic focus, and collaboration patterns. The results reveal a peak in research output in 2024, followed by a marked decline in 2025, alongside a steady decrease in average citations per article. “Delamination,” “composite,” “ultrasonic,” and “infrared thermography” are identified as core research themes. The field is dominated by a few prolific journals, authors, and institutions most notably in China which account for the majority of scientific output and impact. These findings illuminate evolving research priorities, highlight central contributors, and offer critical perspectives on the development, concentration, and future directions of NDT for delamination detection.
Structural Insights into Bracket Behavior: A Statistical and Displacement-Stress Analysis
This paper analyzes the structural performance of mechanical brackets using a data-driven methodology based on 12 simulation-derived tables covering stress, displacement, geometry, and modal behavior. Bracket models were examined across multiple axes to assess how features like mass, volume, and projected area influence deformation. Displacement values peaked at 0.876 mm, with over 74% of stress classified as vertical. Notably, brackets weighing over 0.45 kg did not always offer improved performance; several lighter brackets under 0.28 kg exhibited lower displacement due to better material distribution. Modal frequencies above 115 Hz only correlated with improved stiffness when aligned directionally with loading vectors. Projected area emerged as the most reliable predictor of displacement control, outperforming both volume and mass. The study concludes that optimal bracket performance is achieved through geometry-aware material placement, not simply increasing bulk. These insights support better lightweighting strategies and deformation control in constrained mechanical designs.
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Urban Bridge Assessment Using Fuzzy MARCOS Under Environmental Stressors
This paper introduces a novel decision-making framework based on the Fuzzy MARCOS method for prioritizing maintenance of urban bridges under environmental stressors. Using a real-world SHM time-series dataset from Kaggle, four key criteria—degradation score, forecasted condition score, humidity, and wind speed—were analyzed. Fuzzy triangular weights were applied to capture uncertainty, and MARCOS scores were computed for each bridge. Bridge 23 achieved the highest score (0.926), while Bridge 36 ranked lowest (0.317). A strong positive correlation (R = 0.84) between MARCOS scores and forecasted condition confirms the model’s reliability. Sensitivity analysis on humidity weight showed minimal impact on ranking, indicating robustness. The approach enables scalable, interpretable, and sensor-driven maintenance planning, with potential for future expansion to include real-time streaming, traffic loads, and image-based diagnostics.
Sensitivity Analysis of Electromechanical Impedance Signals for Early Detection of Debonding in Sandwich Face Layers: A Case Study Using SHM Data
This study investigates the application of sensitivity analysis of electromechanical impedance signals for sandwich composite face layer early debonding detection, in light of several research challenges, including data variability and reliability of the noted signals in response to structural variations. The study makes use of extensive data recorded from SHM systems, combining impedance measurements, structural response data, and debonding characteristics to explore the relationship between sensor output and debonding patterns. The results highlight the usefulness of using sensitivity analysis for pre-debond detection in sandwich composites, as there is a strong relationship between the change in impedance and the integrity of the sandwich composite. Although this approach is particularly relevant to enabling better monitoring strategies in structural health management, we are also aware of the implications of our study in high-impact sectors like healthcare, where composite materials (medical devices, surgical fixtures, etc.) are commonly used. This research has far-reaching implications for the management of large data sets and the development of more reliable diagnostic tools and increased patient safety. This study not only fills knowledge gaps but strengthens the bridges between engineering and healthcare disciplines by encouraging novel techniques in preventative maintenance and health monitoring, promoting a better understanding of electromechanical phenomena in systems that are critical for the health of individuals and society as a whole.
Comprehensive Review of Noise Pollution Sources, Health Impacts, and Acoustic Environments Affecting College and University Students
The present paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the effects of noise pollution on college and university students through evaluating research articles, surveys, and questionnaires on this imperative problem. Interference such as noise pollution in learning institutions has now acted as a major menace owing to the resultant health complications, learning handicaps and general well-being of students. The study provides an understanding of the major sources of noise on campuses; outdoor noise, which may feature traffic noise, construction noise, and industrial noise within the vicinity as well as indoor noise inclusive of electrical generator noise, laboratory equipment and students accompanying noise amongst others. These noise sources add extra noise to the background noise levels in classrooms, lecture halls, and educational labs. The paper also discusses the effects of noise on the health of students generally and particularly on the cerebral and sensory skills including concentration, learning, memory and speaking and hearing. Also, it overviews the impact of noisy environments on the human ear and health, such as stress, changes in sleep patterns, and cardiovascular disease. Classrooms and laboratory acoustic environments are also discussed, and how factors such as reverberation time, sound insulation, and background noise affect the quality of learning spaces are considered. The review focuses on noise control in the learning environment and recommends that noise should be controlled through effective noise control acoustic design, noise control through zoning and controlling noise through technology for the benefit of effective learning and student health. Presenting examples from various universities, this paper therefore encourages the development of sound management approaches in campus environments in a bid to create a healthier learning environment.
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Shear Strengthening of Recycled Lightweight Coarse Aggregate Concrete Beams Using NSM Technique
The NSM technique began to apply as a modern technique to treat defects in structural elements and to increase the shear and flexural strength of structural elements. For this technique to be effective, a series of practical experiments were conducted to characterize the behavior of the element strengthened by the NSM technique for flexure and shear. Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper for concrete beams that contain 30% coarse aggregate replacement ratio of bonza (volumetric ratio) obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of 7 beams were loaded under four-point load test, the parameters examined were the angle of inclination and the distance between the GFRP bars, the presence and absence of stirrups and the bonza aggregate replacement ratio. The characterization of the tested beams includes failure mode, load-deflection curves, load-strain curves of stirrups, rebars and GFRP rods and the surface concrete strain in the shear zone of beam. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods used to strengthen concrete beams was relatively effective, especially in the presence of stirrups, where the gain in shear strength was 8.8% and 4.1% when the distance between the vertical GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively, with the presence of stirrups. While the gain in shear strength was (5.9%) when the GFRP bars were inclined at 45o with presence of stirrups. The deflection of strengthened beams was greater than the deflection of unstrengthened beam, where the maximum deflection of strengthened beams reaches 29.6mm at 177kN, while the maximum deflection of unstrengthned beam was 18.9mm at 185kN.
Lightweight Coarse aggregate replacement
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Innovative Assessment of Compressive Strength in Reinforced Concrete Columns Confined with Geopolymer Adhesive Jackets
The upgrade and reconstructing of the reinforced concrete (RC) buildings/structures are still some of the biggest challenges in construction and infrastructural development across the globe. Conventionally the fiber reinforced composites has been used for this purpose. But their use is often constrained by issues to do with cost, environmental unfriendliness and some shortcoming related to epoxy adhesives most of which include poor heat resistance. This work seeks to explore this problem by comparing the feasibility of using a locally available and cheaper geopolymer adhesive paste. The experimental work includes the seven RC columns confined with seven fiber-reinforced geopolymer adhesive jackets using different materials such as carbon fiber, jute fiber, steel wire mesh, window mesh fabric and polyethylene meshes having a weave of 3×3 mm & 4×4 mm.The result shows that geopolymer adhesive paste is a viable solution of bond several confinement material. In the tested jackets, carbon fiber had the best performance with enhanced load-bearing capacity 3.146 times and deformation capacity 3.68 times of unconfined RC columns. However, the cost of this system stands at $34 per square meter and is therefore the most expensive option. In contrast, jute fiber and steel wire mesh jackets offered better cost-effective solution with remarkable performance augmentations where load improvement ratios of 1.79 and 1.7 along with deformation capacities of 2.43 and 16.2 were realised. Based on the study, fiber reinforced geopolymer adhesive jackets can be recommended for strengthening and reconstruction of RC columns in regions with elevated temperature since epoxy systems are not convenient in such an environment. The findings of this research show that geopolymer adhesives for structural repair and strengthening have resource, cost, and environmental benefits.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Columns Opera Geopolymer Adhesive
Fiber-Reinforced Structural Rehabilitation Confinement Jackets
Innovative Approaches to Design Representation in Civil Engineering
In design and architecture, ‘reality’ exists through sign systems, the structured arrangements of signifying that which previously existed as ideas, beliefs, values, images and events. These representations conform to the philosophical and ideological dispositions that post the philosophical description of the Zeitgeist. An explicit emphasis on representations is characteristic of civil engineering design, which allows for the integration of technological, cultural, and esthetic values and information exchange across the temporal, spatial, and cultural divides. Consequently, it has been identified that, though representation is an important concept in civil engineering, there is no concrete and unambiguous definition of representation in modern civil engineering. This paper fills this gap by providing a theoretical analysis of representation and how it is used in contemporary design professions. From a theoretical viewpoint, the research defines the concept and builds a sound framework to deconstruct and implement representation to a real-life civil engineering model. Representation encompasses imitation and embodiment of prior elements through processes of abstraction or simulation, revealing two key dimensions: generative source (semiotic) and materialization (performed). Representation in civil engineering is present but in two primary dimensions. The first one, which is based on classical procedures, is semantic and realistic, and these works unambiguously express ideologies or technical concepts. The second, non-classical approach, relies on abstraction and subjectivity and here the designs look like an open question – not unique and predetermined by certain context and culture. These dualities place representation as a generative and communicative medium in civil engineering while providing conceptual solutions to structures, city planning and sustainability.
A Case Study from Karbala, Iraq, of Geospatial Strategies for Optimal Asphalt Concrete Plant Placement
Having a new capital improvement facility means a significant and lasting commitment and the selection of an actual site is the key factor in success. This decision affects a wide range of undertakings including land use planning and location of industrial structures. The arrangement for asphaltic concrete plants is thus surrounded by several factors that include economic, social, technological and environmental factors. Site selection in a nutshell is the process of choosing sites that have suitable characteristics and within certain parameters to produce a good site from an operational point of view. In this study, we adopt the combination of GIS techniques and cost breakdown methods to overcome the hurdles facing choices of the most appropriate sites to establish asphaltic concrete plants. This research, undertaken in the Karbala Governorate of Iraq, systematically employs tools to map areas optimising economic, environmental and social costs. The study shows that there could be around 120 possible locations for asphaltic concrete plants, on a minimum area of 40,000 square meters. This paper takes GIS modelling and cost breakdown approaches to offer an efficient approach in determining suitable plant locations and thus serves as a useful guideline in decisions of infrastructural investments
A Comparative Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations Using SPT Measurements for Nasiriyah Soil
Pile foundation is essential in structures including buildings, storage tanks, and bridges especially in geotechnical applications. The bearing capacity of pile foundations must be evaluated, and evaluating this usually involves the use of the static load pile testing method which is however expensive. Another approach is based on data derived from field tests including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), which is normally conducted during investigation of the site. Nevertheless, there is no common technique to analytically determine the bearing capability of pile foundations because of the complexities in pile-soil-pile interaction. Different empirical methods that are developed from SPT results are widely used for estimation of the bearing capacity but the result using this approach could be different from that of the other methods of design approach. This paper analyses seven empirical equations derived from SPT for the estimation of pile foundation-bearing capacity. The data considered in this work is a part of the site investigation for water intake in Nasiriyah for the water intake project, which is provided by SPT test results of six boreholes. The nature of the subsoil was estimated from SPT data and was categorized according to disturbed and samples. The number of blows from the SPT was adjusted before performing the computational analysis with them. The results confirmed that it expressed the greatest of all bearing capacities consistently when applying it to six of the SPT results. However, other methods resulted in the lowest bearing capacity values for the piles. Some methods produced mid-range values, while others yielded higher values compared to the conservative estimates provided by certain methods. Based on this, it can be concluded that the method with the lowest values serves as a more conservative approach for estimating pile-bearing capacity.
Innovative Engineering Strategies for Evaluating and Repairing Concrete Cracks An Applied Perspective
Condition of concrete cracking is a worrying issue in any construction industry, as it affects the durability and the performance of various structures as well as their expected lifespan. This research focuses on discussing new engineering approaches effective for assessing and rehabilitating concrete cracks from an applied standpoint. The findings also reflect the recent scientific developments in crack evaluation methodologies including Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and technological imaging methods. The work also analyses a variety of repair solutions, starting with conventional ones, for example epoxy injection, up to contemporary solutions including self-healing concrete and fiber reinforced polymers or FRPs. Examining the effectiveness of the techniques, this work presents different approaches based on the result of elementary analysis and case study and defines factors which impact the result significantly. The results show that by using an approach of incorporating evaluation and repair techniques best suited to an identified structure’s requirement, it is possible to improve the structure’s future performance and service life. Further, the study identifies current issues, which are cost, scalability and sustainability, and lastly, comes up with the future research and development directions. It would be an invaluable reference work for all the engineers, scientist, and policy makers aspiring to construct better and robust concrete structures.
structural endurance and geared solutions
Survey of Concrete Cracking Exploring Causes Evaluation Methods and Repair Techniques for Structural Integrity
repair and management of concrete cracking has remained a critical issue in contemporary construction projects mainly because the damage interferes with the durability, performance, and reliability of structures and infrastructures around the world. This survey focuses on the various reasons that lead to occurrence of concrete cracking, the causes are environmental factors, material imperfection, loading and design problems. This paper offers a detailed discussion of the existing techniques of evaluation and concentrates on the traditional empirical ways of assessing the damages on a structure, as well as the progressive non-destructive testing methods which are the ultrasonic pulse velocity, the infrared thermography, as well as the digital image correlation technique. The survey also reflects the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques as well as their best fit cases making a comparison between the techniques. Moreover, the paper explores several repair strategies used to reduce the impact of cracking from simple and transverse crack sealing to various epoxies including epoxy injection and the complex structural retrofitting. Things like the efficiency of each technique, cost of each technique in completing the task, and kind of strength and types of cracks each technique is ideal for are all put into consideration. The survey also focuses on measures that have to be taken in advance to prevent such problems as cracking, for instance, enhancing the materials used, refining the design and increasing efforts to prevent cracking by maintenance. This research synthesizes learning acquired from various studies and practices into a single source that can be useful for engineers, architects, and researchers. The identified prompt elevates the issue of including innovative evaluation and repair solutions in prolonging the service life of structures’ performance. Emerging issues in the field are forecasted; the automation of monitoring techniques and the use of environmentally friendly repair materials are also suggested for the future application. This survey helps to extend the condition of concrete engineering by providing the overview and significant tips about the cracking problems for efficient managing in civil engineering construction.
Acoustic Design and Its Importance in Architecture _Teatro alla Scala in Milan
The Teatro alla Scala (Italian: La Scala), better known as La Scala, in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous opera houses. The theater opened in August of 1778, under the name NoVo Regio Ducal Teatro alla Scala, with a performance of aliare's opera Eloruba Rikonozciota In 1776, a fire burned down the former theater, known as the Ducale, so several wealthy Milanese went at the request of Duke Frederick of Austria, to help them build a new theater. The neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini submitted a preliminary design for the new theater, but it was rejected by the Austrian governor, Count Vermin. The second time, the Empress of Austria, Empress Maria Theresa, accepted that the new theater be built. It was built in the place of the Church of Santa Maria in Scala, from which the theater got its name. The church was demolished, and construction work began, which ended two years later. Then it can accommodate 3,000 spectators, and six booths, as well as the largest podium in Italy.
The impact of poor planning on the duration and cost of the projects
This study explores how inadequate planning affects the duration and cost of projects, based on a questionnaire survey conducted among project management practitioners. The survey aimed to evaluate the impact of poor planning on key project outcomes, including risk forecasting, project success, and overall cost and time efficiency. The results show that 55.8% of respondents believe that poor planning significantly impacts risk forecasting, while 60.4% reported a major negative effect on overall project success. In response to these challenges, project management teams implemented various mitigation strategies, with 34% focusing on enhancing communication and 26.4% reorganizing execution phases and increasing fieldwork. Additionally, when reflecting on lessons learned for future projects, 77% of respondents recognized that they gained valuable insights, while 23% indicated only partial learning. The findings emphasize the crucial role of effective planning in reducing delays and cost overruns, as poor planning was seen to significantly increase both. This highlights the necessity for better communication, strategic reorganization, and more flexible planning processes to ensure successful project delivery. In conclusion, the study illustrates that effective planning is vital for project efficiency, and failing to plan adequately can lead to heightened risks, extended timelines, and increased costs, making it a key area for ongoing improvement in project management..
Project Management, Poor Planning, Cost Overrun, Schedule Delays, Project Duration, Risk Management, Resource Allocation
The Principles of Urban Design- Hammarby, Siostad, Stockholm
Hammarby Lake City is a sustainable mixed-use development in Stockholm that aims to transform an industrial site into housing, commercial, and recreational spaces. The project uses innovative technologies and strategies, such as transportation, urban planning, biogas production, and green roofs. Collaboration between public and commercial groups was crucial for successful implementation. The project aligns with Sweden's environmental, energy, social, and economic goals, as the construction and property industry contribute significantly to society's environmental impact. The government aims to create a "green welfare state" where everyone lives in adequate housing and a safe environment.
In this research paper, I discuss the interior design of spaces and small houses and the importance of interior design in facilitating the way of living. Also, the organization of space gives us an internal feeling of tranquility and happiness, which helps us to feel the comfort that people need, and this also reflects positively on us, especially since The space is narrow, so it will need thoughtful ideas and organization to put each piece of furniture in its correct place, and also painting the walls plays an important role in narrow and small spaces and homes. Some neglect the importance of interior design, which leads to a state of chaos and inconsistency in the home with a small space. Humanity has become constantly increasing in light of the difficult economic conditions and the high cost of house spaces, which makes them resort to buying or inhabiting small houses or containers and converting them into something mouse or a caravan. Here, the interior designer plays the role of transforming these small spaces from an uninhabitable dwelling into a masterpiece. Technology that facilitates users' lives.
Essence and proposals of organic architecture
The term "organic architecture" describes the use of living or organic elements to design architectural shapes. The goal of organic architecture is to create forms that are more like nature itself than imitations of natural forms. Nature is a source of inspiration for many engineers, designers, and architects. Innovation and the rise of architectural quality are the goals of research on "natural constructions." The use of life sciences language in the context of architecture offers fresh viewpoints on architectural and design innovation. The comparisons between nature and architecture are the main topic of the study. Since the beginning of time, nature and living things have lived in harmony with humans. However, natural species have always been the source of inspiration for people. Sometimes these interactions result in various and incompatible paradigms. As early as 1908, Frank Lloyd Wright used the term "organic" into his architectural ethos. He invented organic architecture to describe his architectural concepts. It was a continuation of his instructor Louis Sullivan's theories, whose phrase "form follows function" became the guiding principle of contemporary architecture. Louis Sullivan was one of the role models Wright looked up to and who influenced him. Wright supported both the natural development of the environment and the adaptation of architecture to the environment. In order to prevent conflicts between architectural designs and the environment, Wright places a strong emphasis on allowing architecture to fit in seamlessly with its surroundings. Wright has embraced the chance to instruct and counsel the architectural community on the value of adhering to the laws of nature in terms of construction practices and the principal architecture.
Casa Bloc: Social Housing Project in Spain
The Casa Bloc is a residential building designed by Josep Lluís Sert, Josep Torres Clavé and Joan Baptista Subirana, opened in 1936 in the Sant Andreu the city of Barcelona, Spain. All the Architects were working in (the Catalan Group of Architects). It is a Re-creation of the le Corbusier proposal for residential housing, formulated in 1922 for an urban area with a density of 300 inhabitants per hectare. The Casa Bloc project, aimed at social housing, the design was drawn as a large building with two hundred dwellings for workers’ families in the industrial field because many of them were homeless at that time and they still lived in shacks, generally in very poor conditions. but The Spanish Civil War suspend the project of the Casa Bloc for three years. Later, the building was used not only for workers but also for other nations. So that the main purpose of the project and its social and cultural function was wasted. because through the time many changes entered the project. Casa Bloc, Apartment 1/11 is a member of the Iconic Houses, the international network connecting architecturally significant houses from the 20th Century that are opened to the public. Housing policy is governed by the Spanish Housing Ministry with the ‘autonomous regions and their municipalities interpreting and implementing policies at a more local level. A right to housing is guaranteed by the Spanish constitution: All Spaniards have the right to enjoy decent and adequate housing. The public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions and establish appropriate rules to uphold this right.
Strategies For Designing Public Open Spaces in Baghdad City
Urban design has a significant impact on residents' quality of life and overall well-being. With the rapid expansion of urban areas, it has become imperative to meticulously plan and provide open areas. Implementing sustainable urban design strategies can bolster environmental sustainability, foster social fairness, and boost public health. Iraq faces numerous challenges that impede the creation of safe, accessible, and attractive public spaces for its residents. The aim of this study is to enhance a sustainable urban design plan that will enhance the functioning, accessibility, and visual appeal of open spaces in Baghdad. The researcher uses a questionnaire to collect data from specific respondents with the aim of identifying the limitations that exist in the urban design of open spaces in Baghdad. The study results demonstrate evident limitations from urban, transportation, economic, environmental, cultural, and social perspectives. The survey's findings indicate that the most prominent issues are the intricate arrangements resulting from the addition of new nodes, the diversity of pathways, unfavorable traffic conditions, inadequate land usage, and insufficient distribution of green spaces. The researcher utilizes Kevin Lynch's design concepts to analyze the urban characteristics of the studied region. These principles address the major existing urban issues that need to be considered in the urban design concept to improve the features of the urban landscape in the research region. According to the findings, the researcher suggests several alternatives, such as redistributing land use, developing the wave front area, building new nodes and open spaces, increasing green spaces, and developing the Metro, LRT Train, and BRT.
Optimizing Space Effeciency in Small Dwellings: A Study of Interior Design Strategies and Solutions
This research focuses on the challenges faced by residents of small homes in Baghdad, Iraq, and what they need to maximize space, protect cultural heritage, and advance sustainability. Through an examination of international interior design approaches, culturally sensitive solutions, efficacy, and practical advice, the study seeks to solve challenges. The concept, literature review, questionnaire creation and distribution, data analysis and discussion, and integration of a case study are the six steps of the quantitative methodology that will be used in this study. We'll look at the subject of tiny homes and the social and psychological effects of living in a small place. The trend of smaller homes in Iraq will be discussed in this essay, along with a case study that offers an engineering solution to optimize space in a compact house. The results of the case study and questionnaire, along with the participant perspectives and the applied design interventions, will be shared. In order to wrap up the study, recommendations will be made for more research in the following areas: comparative studies, public awareness and education, interdisciplinary collaboration, long-term impact assessment, cultural preservation, sustainable materials and practices, accessibility and inclusivity, and policy recommendations.
An Empirical Review of Innovative Soil Improvement Techniques in Geotechnical Engineering
Acquisition of soils made a new dimension in geotechnical engineering due to increased demands on sustainability as well as effectiveness in infrastructure development. The traditional techniques of soil stabilization, ground reinforcement, and grouting have been in widespread use but often come out as not good enough when considered in terms of long-term performance, environmental impact, and adaptability to conditions at complicated sites. Most of the literature reviews concentrate on one or two techniques/advancements without giving an all-round view of the changing landscape of innovative soil improvement techniques. It tries to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive review of conventional as well as emerging techniques in soil stabilization, ground reinforcement, and grouting along with practical applications. The review process has been structured around three key categories. Prepare a list of traditional additive-based technologies for soil stabilization: cement, lime, fly ash, etc., along with modern ideas on using industrial by-products and nanomaterials, and added biotechnological methods like microbial-induced calcite precipitation. Methods of ground reinforcement would be compared with geosynthetics, geogrids, and other newer systems like stone columns, vibro-compaction, and soil nailing. Finally, the advancement of grouting is reviewed and the development of cementitious grouting, special grout mixtures, and modern injection techniques. All these will be integrated together to ensure that the review becomes clearer in presenting the advancements of geotechnical engineering by focusing on aspects of efficiency and sustainability within modern methods. In particular, incorporating the practical applications and case studies enhances the review of these techniques to illustrate relevance in practice, their economic and environmental impacts, and aspects of sustainable construction. In this way, this work lays a more solid foundation and contributes toward bridging the gap that lies between traditional and innovative soil improvement methods and thus pushes forward further effective and eco-friendly solutions in geotechnical engineering.
Assessment of Cyber Security Risks in Electrical Engineering System of Georgia
Cyber security is an integral part of electrical engineering and covers various aspects such as power grid security, electrical and power equipment security, risk management, standards compliance, and incident response to prevent cyber attacks on power grids. The article examines the probable risks of the electrical system of Georgia. for this purpose a logical graphic tool is used, to identify top-down failures, which cause lower-level system failures. Fault tree analysis consists of "events" and "logic gates", which correlate accidents to determine the cause of the most adverse event. The paper analyzes the causes of possible short-circuiting, violation of the dynamic stability of the network, and harmonic distortion in the networks of the electric system of Georgia and gives recommendations for their reduction.