Automated Grading System for Breast Cancer Histopathological Images Using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) Algorithm

Authors

  • Mohammed Saher Biomedical Informatics College, University of Information Technology and Communication, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Muneera Alsaedi Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
  • Ahmed Al Ibraheemi Al Ameed University/College of Medicine, Karbala, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58496/ADSA/2023/006

Keywords:

Breast Cancer Grading, Automated malignancy grading, Pattern analysis, Histopathological image

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world, affecting both men and women. In 2023, the American Cancer Society's reported that there will be approximately 297,800 new cases of invasive breast cancer in women and 2,850 in men, along with 55,750 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in women. Further, an estimated 43,750 deaths are expected from breast cancer, of which approximately 43,180 are among women and 570 are among men. In this paper, we propose an automated grading system for breast cancer based on tumor's histopathological images using a combination of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) for feature extraction and machine learning algorithms. The proposed system has four main phases: image preprocessing and segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and integration with a website. Grayscale conversion, enhancement, noise and artifact removal methods are used during the image preprocessing stage. Then the image is segment during the segmentation phase to extract regions of interest. And then, features are extracted from the obtained region of interest using the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm. The next, the images are classified into three distinct breast cancer grades based on the extracted features using machine learning algorithms. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated and reported using vary evaluation methods and the results showed a remarkable accuracy of up to 97% by the SVM classifier. Finally, the machine learning model is integrated into a website to improve the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer disease and facilitate the access and use of patient data. This will make the work easier for physicians to enhance breast cancer detection and treatment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

“Cancer Facts & Figures 2023,” Am. Cancer Soc., 2023.

“Breast cancer,” World Health Organization, 2021.

S. S. Joudar et al., “Artificial intelligence-based approaches for improving the diagnosis, triage, and prioritization of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of current trends and open issues,” Artif. Intell. Rev., pp. 1–65, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10462-023-10536-x.

E. A. Rakha et al., “Breast cancer prognostic classification in the molecular era: the role of histological grade,” Breast cancer Res., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–12, 2010.

C. W. Elston and I. O. Ellis, “Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: experience from a large study with long‐term follow‐up,” Histopathology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 403–410, 1991.

M. Santos et al., “Value of the Nottingham histological grading parameters and Nottingham prognostic index in canine mammary carcinoma,” Anticancer Res., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 4219–4227, 2015.

A. S. Albahri et al., “A Systematic Review of Trustworthy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Assessment of Quality, Bias Risk, and Data Fusion,” Inf. Fusion, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2023.03.008.

M. Alsaedi, T. Fevens, A. Krzyżak, and Ł. Jeleń, “Cytological malignancy grading systems for fine needle aspiration biopsies of breast cancer,” in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 2017, pp. 705–709.

“Staging & Grade,” Johns Hopkins University.

F. Cardoso et al., “Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up,” Ann. Oncol., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1194–1220, 2019.

H. BOLHASANI, “Breast Cancer Grading Data.” Kaggle, 2021.

D. C. Prakash, R. C. Narayanan, N. Ganesh, M. Ramachandran, S. Chinnasami, and R. Rajeshwari, “A study on image processing with data analysis,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2022, vol. 2393, no. 1, p. 20225.

M. E. Alqaysi, A. S. Albahri, and R. A. Hamid, “Hybrid Diagnosis Models for Autism Patients Based on Medical and Sociodemographic Features Using Machine Learning and Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Techniques: An Evaluation and Benchmarking Framework,” Comput. Math. Methods Med., vol. 2022, p. 9410222, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/9410222.

Samar Hazim Hammed and A.S. Albahri, “Unlocking the Potential of Autism Detection: Integrating Traditional Feature Selection and Machine Learning Techniques,” Appl. Data Sci. Anal., vol. 2023, no. SE-Articles, pp. 42–58, May 2023, doi: 10.58496/ADSA/2023/003.

F. Merchant and K. Castleman, Microscope image processing. Academic press, 2022.

M. E. Alqaysi, A. S. Albahri, and R. A. Hamid, “Diagnosis-Based Hybridization of Multimedical Tests and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques: A Systematic Review,” Int. J. Telemed. Appl., vol. 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/3551528.

T. N. Ataiwe, “Using Image Processing for Automatic Detection of Pavement Surface Distress,” Al-Salam J. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 46–52, 2023.

S. S. Joudar, A. S. Albahri, and R. A. Hamid, “Intelligent triage method for early diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods,” Informatics Med. Unlocked, vol. 36, p. 101131, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101131.

C. Kanan and G. W. Cottrell, “Color-to-grayscale: does the method matter in image recognition?,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 1, p. e29740, 2012.

R. T. Shinohara et al., “Statistical normalization techniques for magnetic resonance imaging,” NeuroImage Clin., vol. 6, pp. 9–19, 2014.

S. S. Joudar, A. S. Albahri, and R. A. Hamid, “Triage and priority-based healthcare diagnosis using artificial intelligence for autism spectrum disorder and gene contribution: A systematic review,” Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 146, p. 105553, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105553.

H. S. S. Ahmed and M. J. Nordin, “Improving diagnostic viewing of medical images using enhancement algorithms,” J. Comput. Sci., vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1831, 2011.

A. E. Ilesanmi and T. O. Ilesanmi, “Methods for image denoising using convolutional neural network: a review,” Complex Intell. Syst., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 2179–2198, 2021.

W. Esam Noori and A. S. Albahri, “Towards Trustworthy Myopia Detection: Integration Methodology of Deep Learning Approach, XAI Visualization, and User Interface System,” Appl. Data Sci. Anal., vol. 2023, no. SE-Articles, pp. 1–15, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.58496/ADSA/2023/001.

L. Alzubaidi et al., “A survey on deep learning tools dealing with data scarcity: definitions, challenges, solutions, tips, and applications,” J. Big Data, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 46, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s40537-023-00727-2.

Hiba Mohammed Talib, A.S. Albahri, and Thierry O. C. EDOH, “Fuzzy Decision-Making Framework for Sensitively Prioritizing Autism Patients with Moderate Emergency Level,” Appl. Data Sci. Anal., vol. 2023, no. SE-Articles, pp. 16–41, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.58496/ADSA/2023/002.

N. Basil, M. E. Alqaysi, M. Deveci, A. S. Albahri, O. S. Albahri, and A. H. Alamoodi, “Evaluation of autonomous underwater vehicle motion trajectory optimization algorithms,” Knowledge-Based Syst., p. 110722, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.110722.

M. Talal, A. H. Alamoodi, O. S. Albahri, A. S. Albahri, and D. Pamucar, “Evaluation of remote sensing techniques-based water quality monitoring for sustainable hydrological applications: an integrated FWZIC-VIKOR modelling approach,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., pp. 1–45, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10668-023-03432-5.

C. Tomasi, “Histograms of oriented gradients,” Comput. Vis. Sampl., pp. 1–6, 2012.

M. Tyagi, “HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients): An Overview,” Towards Data Science, 2021.

I. H. Sarker, “Machine learning: Algorithms, real-world applications and research directions,” SN Comput. Sci., vol. 2, no. 3, p. 160, 2021.

F. Pedregosa et al., “Scikit-learn: Machine Learn-ing in Python, Journal of Machine Learning Re-search, 12,” 2011.

S. Uddin, A. Khan, M. E. Hossain, and M. A. Moni, “Comparing different supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction,” BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., vol. 19, no. 1, p. 281, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12911-019-1004-8.

M. Rathi, A. Malik, D. Varshney, R. Sharma, and S. Mendiratta, “Sentiment analysis of tweets using machine learning approach,” in 2018 Eleventh international conference on contemporary computing (IC3), 2018, pp. 1–3.

D. T. Larose and C. D. Larose, “k‐nearest neighbor algorithm,” 2014.

S. M. Sherif et al., “Lexicon annotation in sentiment analysis for dialectal Arabic: Systematic review of current trends and future directions,” Inf. Process. Manag., vol. 60, no. 5, p. 103449, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103449.

Z. T. Al-Qaysi et al., “A systematic rank of smart training environment applications with motor imagery brain-computer interface,” Multimed. Tools Appl., vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 17905–17927, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11042-022-14118-x.

D. Müller, I. Soto-Rey, and F. Kramer, “Towards a guideline for evaluation metrics in medical image segmentation,” BMC Res. Notes, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2022.

S. A. Hicks et al., “On evaluation metrics for medical applications of artificial intelligence,” Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 5979, 2022.

M. A. Ahmed et al., “Intelligent Decision-Making Framework for Evaluating and Benchmarking Hybridized Multi-Deep Transfer Learning Models: Managing COVID-19 and Beyond,” Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak., Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1142/S0219622023500463.

A. S. Albahri et al., “A Systematic Review of Using Deep Learning Technology in the Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential-Based Brain-Computer Interface Applications: Current Trends and Future Trust Methodology,” Int. J. Telemed. Appl., vol. 2023, 2023.

Z. T. Al-Qaysi et al., “Systematic review of training environments with motor imagery brain–computer interface: Coherent taxonomy, open issues and recommendation pathway solution,” Health Technol. (Berl)., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 783–801, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12553-021-00560-8.

D. Valero-Carreras, J. Alcaraz, and M. Landete, “Comparing two SVM models through different metrics based on the confusion matrix,” Comput. Oper. Res., vol. 152, p. 106131, 2023.

N. S. Baqer, H. A. Mohammed, and A. S. Albahri, “Development of a real-time monitoring and detection indoor air quality system for intensive care unit and emergency department,” Signa Vitae, vol. 1, p. 16, 2022, doi: 10.22514/sv.2022.013.

Downloads

Published

2023-08-29

How to Cite

Saher, M., Alsaedi, M., & Al Ibraheemi, A. (2023). Automated Grading System for Breast Cancer Histopathological Images Using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) Algorithm. Applied Data Science and Analysis, 2023, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.58496/ADSA/2023/006
CITATION
DOI: 10.58496/ADSA/2023/006
Published: 2023-08-29

Issue

Section

Articles