From 1G to 6G: Review of history of Wireless Technology Development, Architecture, Applications, and Challenges

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: 2024-12-08
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/ADSA/2024/015
Keywords:
Networks, Wireless Technology, 6G Network, Machine Learning

Main Article Content

Rozin Badeel
Department of Communication Technology and Network University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Seri Kembangan, 43300, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5527-264X
Maryam Abdal
Department of architectural engineering American University of Kurdistan Kurdistan region Duhok Iraq
Rehem A. Ahmed
Faculty of technology management and business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor,Malaysia
Habil H Mohamed
Faculty of engineering University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Seri Kembangan, 43300, Malaysia

Abstract

Understanding the concentrations of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gases is very important in solving the problem of climate change. The advent of 6G technology will point to the start of a new revolution in wireless communication and networking. There have been great achievements in terms of networks and transmission of information. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of 6G, it is equally important to track the evolution process of this technology starting from the conceptual stage up to now. This article explores new features that may potentially transform the global landscape for 6G; identifies major historical events that have shaped the evolution of 6G and stressing the importance equity in terms of technological enhancements and novelties that define it from the preceding generations. Although 6G has promise, it also faces issues, which includes the scarcity of spectrum, and the need for relatively more complex equipment and software integration and the call for enhanced energy efficiency. And goes on to understand the use of 6G, such as reliable and high-speed transmission without delay, transmission between a large number of machines. This review is to provide an analysis of 6G and to take a look at all the features in order to understand the new technology. trend and how it affects various fields in the society.


 

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 2024 (2024)

Section

Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

From 1G to 6G: Review of history of Wireless Technology Development, Architecture, Applications, and Challenges (R. Badeel, M. Abdal, R. A. Ahmed, & H. H. Mohamed , Trans.). (2024). Applied Data Science and Analysis, 2024, 189-198. https://doi.org/10.58496/ADSA/2024/015

References

S. Dang, O. Amin, B. Shihada, and M.-S. Alouini, “What should 6G be?,” Nat. Electron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20–29, 2020.

W. Jiang, B. Han, M. A. Habibi, and H. D. Schotten, “The road towards 6G: A comprehensive survey,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 334–366, 2021.

V. K. Quy, A. Chehri, N. M. Quy, N. D. Han, and N. T. Ban, “Innovative trends in the 6G era: A comprehensive survey of architecture, applications, technologies, and challenges,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 39824–39844, 2023.

Z. Wei et al., “Integrated sensing and communication signals toward 5G-A and 6G: A survey,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 11068–11092, 2023.

T. Huang, W. Yang, J. Wu, J. Ma, X. Zhang, and D. Zhang, “A survey on green 6G network: Architecture and technologies,” IEEE access, vol. 7, pp. 175758–175768, 2019.

V. Ziegler, H. Viswanathan, H. Flinck, M. Hoffmann, V. Räisänen, and K. Hätönen, “6G architecture to connect the worlds,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 173508–173520, 2020.

F. Nawaz, J. Ibrahim, A. A. Muhammad, M. Junaid, S. Kousar, and T. Parveen, “A review of vision and challenges of 6G technology,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 11, no. 2, 2020.

N. Bhandari, S. Devra, and K. Singh, “Evolution of cellular network: from 1G to 5G,” Int. J. Eng. Tech., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 98–105, 2017.

J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G mobile communications. Artech House, 2003.

N. Ossei-Gerning, M. W. Mansfield, M. H. Stickland, I. J. Wilson, and P. J. Grant, “Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter 4G/5G genotype and plasma levels in relation to a history of myocardial infarction in patients characterized by coronary angiography,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 33–37, 1997.

J. Saqlain, “IoT and 5G: History evolution and its architecture their compatibility and future.,” 2018.

S. S. Murad et al., “Wireless Technologies for Social Distancing in the Time of COVID-19: Literature Review, Open Issues, and Limitations,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 6, p. XXX, 2022.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, R. Badeel, and R. A. Ahmed, “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Measures and Restrictions on Cellular Network Traffic in Malaysia,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 630–645, 2022.

S. S. Murad et al., “OPTIMIZED MIN-MIN TASK SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR SCIENTIFIC WORKFLOWS IN A CLOUD ENVIRONMENT,” J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol., vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 480–506, 2022.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, R. Badeel, and W. Hashim, “A Novel Social Distancing Approach for Limiting the Number of Vehicles in Smart Buildings Using LiFi Hybrid-Network,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 3438, 2023.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, W. Hashim, and R. Badeel, “Three-Phase Handover Management and Access Point Transition Scheme for Dynamic Load Balancing in Hybrid LiFi / WiFi Networks,” 2022.

R. Badeel, S. K. Subramaniam, Z. M. Hanapi, and A. Muhammed, “A Review on LiFi Network Research: Open Issues, Applications and Future Directions,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 23, p. 11118, 2021.

R. Badeel, “A Review on LiFi Network Research : Open Issues , Applications and Future Directions,” Appl. Sci., 2021.

R. Badeel, S. K. Subramaniam, Z. M. Hanapi, and ..., “Metaverse architecture, components, challenges: a review,” Researchgate.Net, no. ICIoT, 2023.

R. Badeel, S. K. Subramaniam, A. Muhammed, and Z. M. Hanapi, “A Multicriteria Decision-Making Framework for Access Point Selection in Hybrid LiFi / WiFi Networks Using Integrated AHP – VIKOR Technique,” 2023.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, and R. Badeel, “Wireless Technologies for Social Distancing in the Time of COVID-19: Literature Review, Open Issues, and Limitations,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 6, 2022.

S. S. Murad, R. Badeel, and R. A. Ahmed, “Is LiFi Technology Ready for Manufacturing and Adoption? An End-user questionnaire-based study,” Appl. Data Sci. Anal., vol. 2024, pp. 95–107, 2024.

S. S. Murad, R. Badeel, R. A. Ahmed, and S. Yussof, “Using Drones and Robots for Social Distancing: Literature Review, Challenges and Issues,” in 2024 Panhellenic Conference on Electronics & Telecommunications (PACET), 2024, pp. 1–6.

R. Badeel, “Integration of the Internet of Things With Light Fidelity : Potential Challenges a Review,” no. January, pp. 68–76, 2023.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, W. Hashim, and R. Badeel, “Card-Flipping Decision-Making Technique for Handover Skipping and Access Point Assignment: A Novel Approach for Hybrid LiFi Networks,” IEEE Access, 2024.

S. S. Murad, R. Badeel, B. B. Abdal, T. Rahman, and T. Al-Quraishi, “Introduction to Wi-Fi 7: A Review of History, Applications, Challenges, Economical Impact and Research Development,” Mesopotamian J. Comput. Sci., vol. 2024, pp. 110–121, 2024.

S. S. Murad, S. Yussof, B.-A. Mundher Oraibi, R. Badeel, B. Badeel, and A. H. Alamoodi, “A Vehicle Social Distancing Management System Based on LiFi During COVID Pandemic: Real-Time Monitoring for Smart Buildings,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 137004–137024, 2024.

Y. Li, J. Huang, Q. Sun, T. Sun, and S. Wang, “Cognitive service architecture for 6G core network,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 7193–7203, 2021.

Z. Zhao, Q. Du, D. Wang, X. Tang, and H. Song, “Overview of prospects for service-aware radio access towards 6G networks,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 1262, 2022.

Z. Zhang et al., “Active RIS vs. passive RIS: Which will prevail in 6G?,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1707–1725, 2022.

A. Al-Ansi, A. M. Al-Ansi, A. Muthanna, I. A. Elgendy, and A. Koucheryavy, “Survey on intelligence edge computing in 6G: Characteristics, challenges, potential use cases, and market drivers,” Futur. Internet, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 118, 2021.

L. Zhao, G. Zhou, G. Zheng, I. Chih-Lin, X. You, and L. Hanzo, “Open-source multi-access edge computing for 6G: Opportunities and challenges,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 158426–158439, 2021.

M. S. M. Gismalla et al., “Survey on device to device (D2D) communication for 5GB/6G networks: Concept, applications, challenges, and future directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 30792–30821, 2022.

H. Xie, Y. Zhan, G. Zeng, and X. Pan, “LEO mega-constellations for 6G global coverage: Challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 164223–164244, 2021.

X. Zhu and C. Jiang, “Integrated satellite-terrestrial networks toward 6G: Architectures, applications, and challenges,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 437–461, 2021.

M. Wang, T. Zhu, T. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Yu, and W. Zhou, “Security and privacy in 6G networks: New areas and new challenges,” Digit. Commun. Networks, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 281–291, 2020.

C. Wang and A. Rahman, “Quantum-enabled 6G wireless networks: Opportunities and challenges,” IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 58–69, 2022.

T. Hewa, G. Gür, A. Kalla, M. Ylianttila, A. Bracken, and M. Liyanage, “The role of blockchain in 6G: Challenges, opportunities and research directions,” 2020 2nd 6G Wirel. Summit (6G SUMMIT), pp. 1–5, 2020.

C. P. Narayanan, “GENERATIVE AI & ML MODELS FOR 6G COMMUNICATIONS AND INTERNET OF EVERYTHING (IOE).”

D. Svechnikov, B. Pankov, Y. Nesterova, A. Volkov, A. A. Ateya, and A. Koucheryavy, “Efficient Transmission of Holographic Images: A Novel Approach Toward 6G Telepresence Services,” in International Conference on Distributed Computer and Communication Networks, 2023, pp. 34–43.

Z. Bojkovic, D. Milovanovic, T. P. Fowdur, and M. Indoonundon, “6G ultra-low latency communication in future mobile XR applications,” in Advances in Signal Processing and Intelligent Recognition Systems: 6th International Symposium, SIRS 2020, Chennai, India, October 14--17, 2020, Revised Selected Papers 6, 2021, pp. 302–312.

W. K. Alsaedi, H. Ahmadi, Z. Khan, and D. Grace, “Spectrum options and allocations for 6G: A regulatory and standardization review,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., 2023.

K. Y. Yap, H. H. Chin, and J. J. Klemeš, “Future outlook on 6G technology for renewable energy sources (RES),” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 167, p. 112722, 2022.

B. Khan, A. Mihovska, R. Prasad, F. J. Velez, and others, “Trends in Standardization Towards 6G,” J. ICT Stand., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 327–348, 2021.

V. Muravskyi, Z.-M. Zadorozhnyi, V. Lytvynenko, O. Yurchenko, and M. Koshchynets, “Comprehensive use of 6G cellular technology accounting activity costs and cyber security,” Indep. J. Manag. & Prod., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. s107--s122, 2022.

P. Ahokangas, M. Matinmikko-Blue, and S. Yrjölä, “Envisioning a future-proof global 6G from business, regulation, and technology perspectives,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 72–78, 2022.

H. Saarnisaari et al., “A 6G white paper on connectivity for remote areas,” arXiv Prepr. arXiv2004.14699, 2020.

A. Al-Saman, M. Mohamed, M. Cheffena, and A. Moldsvor, “Wideband channel characterization for 6G networks in industrial environments,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 2015, 2021.

S. Nayak and R. Patgiri, “6G communication technology: A vision on intelligent healthcare,” Heal. informatics A Comput. Perspect. Healthc., pp. 1–18, 2021.

X. Liao, “Frameworks for Developing a 6G Communication Network to Intensify the Modern Vocational Education System,” Int. J. Inf. Commun. Technol. Educ., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2024.

X. Deng et al., “A review of 6G autonomous intelligent transportation systems: Mechanisms, applications and challenges,” J. Syst. Archit., p. 102929, 2023.

E. Bertin, N. Crespi, and T. Magedanz, Shaping future 6G networks: Needs, impacts, and technologies. John Wiley & Sons, 2021.

P. Bhattacharya et al., “Coalition of 6G and blockchain in AR/VR space: Challenges and future directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 168455–168484, 2021.