Correlations between Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials for Civil Structures: A Data-Supported Review

Abstract

Nowadays, composite materials have been widely used in modern engineering applications such as automotive, aerospace, structure, buildings, and architecture.  The larger usage was based on their good durability, remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, and lightweight nature. For selection appropriate material and design is needed to be analysis the mechanical and physical properties. Our research work will be focused on review of the relationships between these parameters resin content, density, and matrix–filler ratio and important mechanical properties particularly tensile strength and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and elastic modulus have been closely linked due to their relationship called stiffness–strength coupling. Additionally, to enhance tensile performance, the study identifies optimal parameter ranges like a matrix–filler ratio of about 1.8 and a resin content around 150 g/m². These insights are crucial for engineering, as they aid in material optimization, performance forecasting, and ensuring structural reliability. However, concerns linger regarding the long-term durability of composites when faced with environmental stresses like temperature fluctuations, moisture, and chemical exposure, which can lead to issues like fatigue and creep. Early damage detection in many materials remains a challenge, highlighting the need for advanced structural health monitoring tools. Furthermore, there are still gaps in optimization methods, standardization processes, and predictive modeling where all of them are essential for maintaining consistent performance and safety.